1. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Chemistry Is Everywhere Objectives: Distinguish between pure (research) science and applied (research) science or technology Explain the scientific method Appreciate the roots of chemistry

2. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Science explaining how and why things are as they are –Pure Science (Research) search for knowledge for its own sake –Applied Science (Research) use knowledge improve the quality of life –use knowledge to benefit –limiting any harmful effects

3. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Chemis-tree Alchemy Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Organic Chemistry Biochemistry Physical Chemistry

4. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Chemistry studies and investigates the structure and properties of matter –Alchemy early studies to find “elixir of life” and the “philosopher’s stone” which could change base metals into gold –Biochemistry biologically active matter (food, drugs, hormones) –Inorganic Chemistry carbonless substances (metals, ores, glass) –Organic Chemistry carbon substances natural & synthetic (polymers, textiles) –Physical Chemistry physical properties and relationship to energy/matter –Analytical Chemistry develops procedures used to analyze matter

5. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Ancient Greek Philosophers explain natural world –use reasoning and logic AristotleAristotle –Matter made of FOUR elements: »earth, air, fire, water –Elements change with exposure to: »heat, cold, dampness, dryness –Caloric »substance that “flowed” from hot bodies to cold bodies

6. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Alchemy Ancients try to change lead into gold the study of behavior of matter from 3rd century BC –Chemeia –Chemeia (GR) to transmute or change matter

7. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Prominent Arab Alchemists Al-GeberAl-Geber (721-815) “father of Arab chemistry” –emphasized systematic experimentation wrote detailed “recipes” “gibberish” derived from his name Al-RaziAl-Razi (864-930) –discovered alcohol and sulfuric acid

8. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 13 -14 th Century Europeans Rediscovered the ancient texts –transmutation GOLDchange “base” metals into GOLD Experiments built body of knowledge: –Metallurgy Extraction of metals from ore

9. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 17 th Century Europe Matter made of THREE (3) elements (earths) –vitreous earth –vitreous earth – solidity of matter –fluid earth –fluid earth – liquidity of matter –fatty earth –fatty earth (phlogiston) – combustibility to matter Same as Aristotle w/o air –now “inert”

10. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 The “Science of Chemistry” Van HelmontVan Helmont –Distinct gases make up air Robert BoyleRobert Boyle –Gas laws Volume and pressure vary inversely

11. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Scientific Method Organized procedures used to solve problems / gain knowledge 1.state problem 2.collect observations 3.form hypothesis 4.test hypothesis 5.form conclusion 6.form theory 7.modify theory

12. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Test Hypothesis controlled experiment –consists of two groups: Experimental GroupExperimental Group –independent variable causes an observable difference (effect) in dependent variable –If independent variable then dependent variable Control GroupControl Group –identical to experimental group except: »does not contain the independent variable –used for comparison –verifies affect of the independent variable

13. Updated February 2006Created by C. Ippolito September 2003 Theory general explanation –fits many different observations made by many different scientists –supported by repeated experimental evidence –over a long period of time explanation unifies understanding