1. EEA scenario 2005 project: “Climate Change and a European low- carbon energy system” Rob Swart, EEA Topic Centre Air and Climate Change (core presentation provided by Hans Eerens) It is not most important to predict the future, but to be prepared for it Perikles (about 500-429 b. Chr.)

2. SoEOR2005 Air and Climate Change Energy and GHG projections Regional air quality 2000-2030 Some conclusions SoEOR2005

3. ETC/ACC partners and others involved: RIVM: IMAGE/TIMER/FAIR/EUROMOVE models, global scenarios, climate effects, coordination NTUA: PRIMES/GEM-E3/PROMETHEUS models, European energy system IIASA: RAINS model, European air quality DNMI: EMEP model AEAT: non-CO 2 GHGs and non-energy CO 2 emissions IPTS: POLES model, technology variants AUTH: OFIS, OSPM model, transport & urban Air Quality NILU: air Pollution State & policies CCE: air pollution effects on ecosystems/critical loads EEA: project guidance, links with issues other than air and climate change

4. SoEOR2005: series of reports Climate change and a low-carbon European energy system European Environmental Outlook Main SoEOR2005 report (29 November 2005) Air quality and ancillary benefits of climate policy (December 2005?)

5. SoEOR2005 Objective ACC Assessment of long-term air pollution and climate change trends and scenarios –Europe (2030) in a global long-term context (2100) –Baseline (no climate action after 2012, moderate high economic growth, based on CAFE scenario) –Climate action scenario (550 CO2eq) assuming EU25 GHG target of -40 % by 2030 (from 1990 levels), combination of domestic action and use of international flexibility mechanisms –Variants (low economic growth path, high renewable/biomass ambitions, increase/decrease use of nuclear energy, Maximum Feasible Reductions AQ)

6. Baseline and climate action scenarios compared to IPCC SRES scenarios Climate action

7. Impact of a 75 year Convergence and Contraction global burden sharing approach on the GHG emissions ceiling for various world regions

8. Global development in energy use 1970-2100:

9. Global trend in CO2eq emissions

10. Focus on 2030: avoided CO 2 emissions Climate action

11. Change in emissions of air pollutants in the EU 25 region relative to 2000 Ancillary benefits of climate policy

12. Anthropogenic contribution to modeled grid-average PM2.5 concentrations (annual mean, µg/m3) 20002020 CAFE 2030 Climate Action 2030 Climate Action - MFR

13. Percentage of total ecosystems area receiving nitrogen deposition above the critical loads 20002020 CAFE 2030 Climate Action - MFR 2030 Climate Action

14. Percentage of forest area receiving acid deposition above the critical loads 20002020 CAFE 2030 Climate Action - MFR 2030 Climate Action

15. Loss in statistical life expectancy that can be attributed to the anthropogenic contributions to PM2.5 (in months) 2000 2020 CAFE 2030 Climate Action - MFR 2030 Climate Action

16. Grid-average ozone concentrations in ppb.days expressed as SOMO35 20002020 CAFE 2030 Climate Action - MFR 2030 Climate Action

17. Ozone concentration in urban area’s: SOMO-35

18. SoEOR2005: Climate Change and Air Quality Conclusions  Climate action scenario assumes GHG emissions to be reduced by 15-30 [20] % below 1990 levels by 2020 and 60-80 [65] % by 2050.  The analyses suggest that 40 % of the reductions could be achieved cost-effectively by actions outside the EU and that no fundamental transition in Europe’s energy system is needed  The domestic actions have significant ancillary benefits for air quality (yet to be quantified this year)  But to meet AQ objectives, (additional) air pollution policies remain necessary

19. SCENARIOS FOR SOEOR2005: CONCLUSIONS (II) Climate action

20. While such a transition can bring enormous benefits, it also presents substantial challenges Benefits  Decoupling of CO 2 emissions from economic growth and reduced European contribution to global climate change  Reduced emissions of air pollutants  Reduced energy import dependency (-20%)  Employment in industrial and agricultural sectors selling biofuels and clean and low energy technologies to Europe and the world Challenges  Large changes required in the energy sector  Difficult choices over controversial technologies such as nuclear power and carbon capture and storage  Potential for energy efficiency is well-known, but achieving energy reductions in practice will require new policy approaches  Costs may be small in relation to GDP, but are nevertheless large in real terms

21. Nederland Bij een gelijke koolstof tax zal NL, naar verwachting, achterblijven in binnenlandse CO2 reduktie vergeleken met het Europees gemiddelde (+2% versus -16% in 2030 tov Kyoto doelstelling) In combinatie met een Europees beleid voor hernieuwbare brandstoffen (2,5 Eurocent/Kwh in 2020 oplopend tot 5 Eurocent/Kwh in 2030) kan de reduktie oplopen tot -7% voor NL en -23% voor EU25. Door Europees klimaat beleid kunnen aanzienlijke co-benefits voor luchtkwaliteit worden gerealiseerd (inclusief financiele voordelen).

22. SoEOR2005: flow chart of models used PRIMES Economy AEA-T model CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 (Europe) CO2 (Europe) Transport Agriculture Regional concen- tration:SO2, NO, NH3, PM, O3 POLES IMAGE TIMER FAIR WaterGap Energy Price CO2 Permit Price CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 Sinks EMEP OFIS AQ impacts Urban conc. PM, NO2, O3 Emissions OPSM Street increments CC impacts GEM-E3, PROMETHEUS RAINS MERLIN COPERT III, TREMOVE, TREND

23. Burden sharing regimes, impact for EU-27 1990=100

24. Permit prices assumed Climate action

25. Past and projected prices of fossil fuels and electricity 1970-2050

26. Costs (% of GDP) for various world regions to achieve climate change targets 2020-2100 under the climate action scenario.

27. Climate action scenario: Netherlands versus EU-15

28. Changes in the fuel mix of EU-25 gross inland energy consumption compared to the baseline in 2030

29. Emission control costs EU-25 billion Euro/year Climate change benefit

30. Air pollutant land-abatement cost; baseline compared to Climate action EU 25 costs in billion €/year Pollutant200020202030 CLEbaseline Climate action Climate action- MFR SO211,412,916,01215 NOx22,43,127,9 VOC0,41,71,8 4 NH322,2 2,117,6 PM 106,46,57,45,517,6 Mobile7,740,250,547,761,4 Total30668171123