1. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 1 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering “ENCAP” Enhanced Capture of CO2 Status: July 2005 Dr. Ciattaglia

2. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 2 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Project costs: 22,2 Mio Euro (EC Contribution: 10,7 Mio Euro) Start:March 2004 Duration:5 years Some partners: for power station operation: Vattenfall, RWE for power station construction/turbines: SIEMENS, Alstom for oxygen generation/supply:Air Liquide, BOC, Linde for processing/engineering:Lurgi, Mitsui Babcock, Statoil, Linde for material testing/developing:SINTEF, TNO, Uni Twente, IFP

3. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 3 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Project Overview Progresses

4. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 4 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Project goals Development and optimisation of emerging CO 2 -capture technologies and processes for power generation based on fossil fuels meeting the following targets:  at least 90% CO2-capture rate  50% CO2-capture-cost reduction Reference: 50-60 Euro/t captured CO2. ENCAP targets are the enhacement of CO2-capture efficiency and the reduction of CO2-capture costs.

5. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 5 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Project timing and structure Timing: five years (2004-2008), 2 phases, start of project: March 2004 Phase I: research and basic experimental activities on candidate technology concepts (months 1-30). Phase II: research and large scale verification of one/two candidate technology concepts selected on the basis of Phase I results. ENCAP timing consists of two main phases.

6. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 6 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering ENCAP is structured in six sub-projects, SP. Structure RTD activities structured in 6 sub-projects (important participants): SP1 Process and Power Systems (Vattenfall, RWE,Siemens, Alstom, Linde LE) (definition of power plant processes, reference plants, bench marks) SP2 Pre-Combustion Decarbonisation Techn. (RWE, Lurgi, Siemens, AirL) (IGCC, IRCC, oxygen from an cryo ASU) SP3 OxyFuel Boiler Technologies (Vattenfall, AirL., Mitsui Babcock Energy) (coal, natural gas with oxygen from an cryo ASU) SP4 Chemical Looping Combustion (Alstom, SINTEF, IFP,TNO) (oxygen transport by metal oxides) SP5 High-Temperature Oxygen Generation for Power Cycles (BOC, Statoil, SINTEF, TNO, Univ. Twente, Linde LE), SP Leader: LINDE LE. (membrane developments) SP6 Novel Pre-Combustion Capture Concepts (Alstom, Siemens, AirL)

7. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 7 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering SP5 is focussed on the development of high-temperature oxygen generation systems. SP5: High Temp. Oxygen Generation for Power Cycles Goals: identification, evaluation and ranking of promising high temperature oxygen generation process options, to be effectively integrated in power plant cycles with CO 2 capture. Organisation: 2 phases phase I: development of three promising high temperature oxygen generation routes, based on ceramic materials and either O2-transport or O2-storage, to enable economic comparison and selection of the most promising option (first 18-months) phase II: further validation of the selected option

8. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 8 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering WP5.5 Stability definition of materials WP5.1 Oxygen process selection and integration WP5.4 Oxygen transport membrane WP5.3 CAR process WP5.2 Oxygen separator membrane Statoil TNO SINTEF UTwente SINTEF TNO UTwente Linde Siemens RWE BOC AP SP5 is structured into five interacting work packages

9. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 9 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Project Overview Progress

10. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 10 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering WP5.1 Oxygen process selection and integration Definition of a stepwise procedure for the selection of one most promising power plant with integrated high T oxygen generation system (Milestone month 18). First economic evaluation of preselected, most promising scenarios with integrated oxygen generation systems. A selection procedure for the identification of the most promising integration power plant scenario was defined

11. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 11 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering WP5.2 Development and validation of oxygen separator membrane for power plant cycle applications Selection of the basis composition CaTiFeO for the development of a membrane system dense layer + porous support. Identification of the methodologies for membrane system manufacture. WP5.3 Development of CAR process Identification of new materials with oxygen recovery capacity exceeding by a factor 3-6 the standard CAR materials and allowing a decrease in the process temperature by about 200 °C. Found the phenomenon of “restoration” of perovskite structures enabling thus extended material life time. Material screening, testing and characterisation were focused by WP5.2 and WP5.3.

12. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 12 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Principle of the CAR Process (Ceramic Autothermal Recovery)

13. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 13 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering WP5.4 Reactive oxygen transport membrane system Calculation and upgrading of a power plant concept with integrated OTM- reformer reactor or OTM separator Feasibility study on OTM + reformer reactor Data on material and on long term stability tests were collected before ENCAP WP5.5 Stability evaluation of high temperature oxygen generation methods Intensive work on WP5.3 materials Experimental confirmation of the “restoration” phenomenon (SINTEF) Stability tests (“accelerated life-time tests”, Twente) The integration of the OTM unit in power plan was the main issue of WP5.4

14. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 14 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering Month 30 WP5.1 Process integration WP5.2 Oxygen separator WP5.3 CAR process WP5.4 Oxygen reactor WP5.5 Stability issues Month 18 Key Milestone: Selection process option Phase 2: Validation of the selected process Design concept of a scaled-up test unit for this process Next steps for SP5 Month 18 is SP5 next critical milestone.

15. Status Workshop 08.07.2005 FZJ Prof. Singheiser 15 Linde AG Business Unit Linde Engineering thank you for your attention