1. Salinity Sensor

2. Calibrated Solution and Electrode - 50,000uS/cm from YSI Incorporated - 50,000uS/cm from YSI Incorporated - Electrode apart - 1.3cm - Electrode apart - 1.3cm - 65000uS/1.3cm - 65000uS/1.3cm - Electrode Cross sectional Area (A) - 1.5mm^2 - Electrode Cross sectional Area (A) - 1.5mm^2 - Length of Electrode (L) - 1/5cm - Length of Electrode (L) - 1/5cm - Resistivity (P) = (1/50000uS) *1.3cm - Resistivity (P) = (1/50000uS) *1.3cm = 20ohm *1.3cm = 26ohm*cm = 20ohm *1.3cm = 26ohm*cm - Resistance = (P*L)/A - Resistance = (P*L)/A - Estimated Resistance = 344963ohm - Estimated Resistance = 344963ohm

3. Electrode  NOTE: Epoxy would be put on electrode to make it about 1/3cm long.

4. Circuit Diagram

5. WheatStoneBridge and Differential Amplifier

6. WheatStone Bridge  Vin = Vabc = Vadc  Iabc(R3+Rx) = Iadc(R1+R2)  Vab = IabcR3 = Vin *R3  R3+Rx  Vad = Iadc*R1 = Vin *R1  R1+R2  Vg = (V1 – V2)  Vg = Vab – Vad = VinR3 - VinR1  R3+Rx R1 +R2  Vg = ( R3 - R1 ) Vin  R3+Rx R1+R2  Vg = Rx - R1  Vin Rx+R3 R1+R2   Vg + R1 = 1  Vin R1 +R2 (1+ R3/Rx)  Rx = R3/ ( 1 -1 )  (Vg/Vin + R1/(R1+R2))

7. Differential Amplifier  Vg = V1 – V2  Vout = -Ra (Vg)  Rb  Vg = - (Vout*Rb)  Ra

8. Actual Vs Meausured Resistance  Actual  R1 = R2 = R3 = 4.3Kohms  Ra = Rb = 220kohms Measured - R 1 = 4.2560; R3 = 4.2827; R2 = 4.2967 - R 1 = 4.2560; R3 = 4.2827; R2 = 4.2967 - RA1 = 218.10K; RA2 = 220.50K; RB1 = 2204.8K RB2 = 217.05K - RA1 = 218.10K; RA2 = 220.50K; RB1 = 2204.8K RB2 = 217.05K

9. Calculation and Diagram  Set Vg of the bridge and amplifier to equal each other  Vout = -Ra( (RX/(RX+R3)) – (R1/(R1+R2)))  Rb

10. Test and Procedure 1. Connect the circuit 1. Connect the circuit  2. Pour the 50,000uS/cm calibrated solution in the beaker up to 200ml (make sure the  temperature is about 25C to avoid worring about specific conductivity.)  3. Record the DC output Voltage (V1 – V2) and solve for Rx (the electrode impedances)  4. Pour the Solution out of the beaker until it reaches about 100ml in the beaker.  5. Add some distilled water in the beaker to reach 200ml. (This basically reduces the  conductivity by half.)  6. Measure the DC output voltage.  7. Repeat procedure (4 – 6) until around measurements are made.  8. Plot the Data: The concentration of Salt in the water, VS electrode impedances.  NOTE: PPM = (Electrical Conductivity(EC)) * 500.

11. Data and Graph Data and Graph ConductivityV1 - V2Temperature 50,0005.815 +-25C 250005.843 Time Elasped per sample 125005.8511minute 62505.8605 31255.8866 1562.55.8685 781.255.8737 390.6255.8746 195.31255.8781 97.656255.88 48.828155.8819 48.828155.8834 24.41406255.8845 12.20703135.8852 6.103515635.8864 3.051757815.8865 1.525878915.8862

12. Data and Graph 5.8822 ConductivityV1-v2 50,0005.8814 250005.8823 125005.8822 62505.8831 31255.8831 1562.55.8848 781.255.8859 390.6255.8868 195.31255.8876 97.656255.8881 48.828155.888

13. Using Wheatstone Bridge Formula  Rx = R3/( 1 -1 )  (Vg/Vin + R1/(R1+R2))  Rx at Vg = 5.8814  = 344963.4187  Compared to Estimate It is similar It is similar