1. Pharmacokinetics Ampicillin Ceftriaxone Vancomycin Half-Life: 1-1.8 hr
Protein Bound: 15-25%
Absorption:
oral 50%
Metabolism: hepatic
Excretion: urine
5-9 hr
Protein Bound: 85% to 95%
Absorption: IM: well absorbed
Metabolism: liver
Excretion: urine (33%-65%); feces
Half-life:
5-11 hr
Distribution
widely in body tissues and fluid
Protein Bound: 10-50%
Excretion
(IV): urine
(oral): feces

2. Pharmacokinetics Rifampin Meropenem Absorption: oral well absorbed
Distribution: highly lipophilic; crosses blood-brain barrier well
Protein Bound: 80%
Half-life 3-4 hr
Metabolism: hepatic; undergoes enterohepatic recirculation
Excretion: feces (60-65%) and urine (~30%) as unchanged drug
Vd: adults: ~0.3 L/kg
Distribution: penetrates
well into most body fluids & tissues;
Protein Bound: 2%
Metabolism: hepatic
Excretion:
urine (~25% as inactive metabolites)
Half-Life hr

3. Pharmacotherapy of meningitis
Because herpes encephalitis can resemble bacterial meningitis at presentation
acyclovir
is usually included with the initial empirical therapy,
IV mg/kg/dose every 8 hours for days
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: oral: 15-30%
Protein Bound: 9-33%
Half-life: 3 hr
Peak Plasma Time
Oral: within hr
IV: within 1 hr
Metabolism: hepatic (small amounts)
Excretion: urine (30-90% as unchanged drug)

4. Pharmacokinetics of dexametasone
Half-Life: hr
Onset: IM: 8-24 hr
Peak Plasma Time:
IM: within 8 hr
PO: 1-2 hr
Vd: 2 L/kg
Metabolism: liver
Excretion: mainly in urine,
minimally in bile

5. Levodopa The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Peak Plasma Time: 0.5 hr (conventional), 2 hr (XR);
Peak Plasma Concentration: XR is 35% conventional.
Duration 5 hr (short duration improvement), 3-5 days (long duration response).
Vd: levodopa 65% body weight
Protein Bound: 10-30%
Metabolism: hepatic metabolism
Excretion: Urine (80-85%)

6. Dopamine agonists Apomorphine. Initial: 2 mg (0.2 mL) SC
The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Peak Plasma Time:10-60 min.
Half-life, elimination: min.
Vd: 218 L.
Metabolism: hepatic metabolism.
Excretion: Urine (93%); feces (16%).

7. Dopamine agonists Pramipexole The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Peak Plasma Time: 2 hr (IR); 6 hr (ER),
Bioavailability: >90%.
Protein Bound: 15%/
Vd: 500 L.
Metabolism <10%.
Half-Life: 8 hr (12 hr in elderly)/
Excretion: urine 90%.

8. Dopamine agonists Ropinirole The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Peak Plasma Time: (Conventional) 1-2 hr; (ER) 6-10 hr.
Bioavailability: 55%.
Protein Bound: 40%.
Half Life: (ER): 6 hr.
Vd: 525L.
Metabolism: Hepatic CYP1A2.
Excretion: Urine.

9. Dopamine agonists Rotigotine The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Bioavailability: 37%.
Peak plasma time: hr.
Protein Bound: 92% (in vitro); 89.5% (in vivo).
Vd: 84 L/kg.
Metabolism: hepatic.
Half-life, biphasic: 3 hr (initial); 5-7 hr (terminal).
Excretion: 71% urine; 23% feces.

10. Antiviral drug Amantadine
The usual dosage is 100 mg given twice a day when used alone.
The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Onset: Within 48 hr (antidyskinetic).
Peak plasma time: 2-4 hr.
Half-life elimination: 16 hr (avg; normal renal function).
Vd: 3-8 L/kg.
Protein Bound: 67%.
Bioavailability: 86-90%.
Metabolism: hepatic
Excretion: Urine (80-90% unchanged)

11. Anticholinergics
Trihexyphenidyl
Initial: 1 mg PO first day, then increase by 2 mg q3-5days until reach 6-10 mg/days.
Maintenance: 5-15 mg/day PO divided q6-8hr.
The main pharmacokinetics parametres
Half-Life elimination: 33 hr.
Onset: 1 hr.
Peak effects: 1.3 hr.
Duration: 6-12 hr.
Metabolism: Unknown.
Excretion: Urine and bile.

12. Anticholinergics
Benztropine mesylate 1-2 mg/day (range mg) PO/IV/IM qHS OR divided q6-12hr.
Initiate at low doses (0.5-1 mg) qHS and titrate by 0.5 mg q5-6Days.
The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Onset of action: 1hr (PO); 15 min (parenteral).
Duration: 6-48 hr.
Protein Bound: 95%.
Bioavailability: 29%.

13. Anticholinergics
Benztropine mesylate 1-2 mg/day (range mg) PO/IV/IM qHS OR divided q6-12hr.
Initiate at low doses (0.5-1 mg) qHS and titrate by 0.5 mg q5-6Days.
The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Onset of action: 1hr (PO); 15 min (parenteral).
Duration: 6-48 hr.
Protein Bound: 95%.
Bioavailability: 29%.

14. MAO-B inhibitors Selegiline
Conventional 5 mg PO at breakfast & 5 mg at lunch (10 mg/day). Not to exceed 10 mg/day.
Orally-disintegrating (with levodopa/carbidopa).
Initial 1.25 mg PO qDay, may increase after 6 weeks if inadequate response, no more than 2.5 mg/day.
The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Peak plasma time: (conventional) hr; (ODT) min.
Half-life elimination: 10 hr (PO); 18-25hr (TD).
Duration: 24-72hr (PO).
Bioavailability: 10%.
Protein Bound: 90%.
Vd: 300 L.
Metabolism: cytochrome P-450 enzymes.
Excretion: Urine.

15. MAO-B inhibitors
Rasagiline at a dosage of 1 mg once daily is given as monotherapy.
The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Half-Life elimination: hr.
Peak Plasma Time: 1 hr.
Bioavailability: 36%.
Protein Bound: 88-94%.
Vd: 87 L.
Metabolism: liver, primarily CYP1A2 (in vitro data).
Excretion: Urine (62%); feces (7%).

16. COMT Inhibitors Tolcapone
The usual dosage is mg PO q8hr. Always as an adjunct to levodopa/carbidopa
The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Peak Plasma Time: 2 hr.
Bioavailability: 65-85%.
Protein Bound: >99.9%.
Half-life elimination: 2-3hr.
Vd: 9 L.
Metabolism: Liver glucuronidation.
Excretion: Urine (60%); feces (40%).

17. COMT Inhibitors Entacapone
The usual dosage is 200 mg PO with each dose of levodopa/carbidopa
Not to exceed 1600 mg/day.
The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Peak Plasma Time: 1 hr.
Bioavailability: 35%.
Protein Bound: 98%.
Vd: 20 L.
Half-life elimination: hr (B-phase); 2.4 hr (Y-phase).
Metabolism: Hepatic glucuronidation.
Excretion: Feces (90); urine (10%).

18. Para-aminophenol derivative
Nonopioid Analgesics
Para-aminophenol derivative
Acetaminophen
650–1000 mg q 6–8 h
Pharmacokinetics
Peak Plasma Time:
10-60 min
8 hr (PO 650 mg, extended-release tablet)
Peak Plasma Concentration: mcg/mL
Distribution: L/kg
Protein Bound: to 25%
Metabolism: Liver (microsomal enzyme systems); conjugation (glucuronic/sulfuric acid)
Half-life elimination: hr
Excretion: urine
Time to Peak:
Oral: minutes
IV: 15 minutes

19. NSAID The main pharmacokinetics parameters of indoles
Indomethacin
Bioavailability: 100%
Onset: 30 min
Duration: 4-6 hr
Protein Bound: 99%
Vd: L/kg
Metabolism: Liver
Half-life:
1 hr (initial phase); hr (2 phase)
Excretion:
urine 60%
feces >33%
Diclofenac
Bioavailability: 50-60%
Protein Bound: %
Vd: L/kg
Metabolism: liver (hydroxylation and conjugation with glucuronic acid, taurine amide, sulfuric acid)
Half-life: hr
Excretion:
urine 50-70%
feces 30-35%

20. NSAID The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Nabumetone
Onset: Several days
Protein Bound: >99%
Vd: 29-82L
Metabolism: Hepatic
Half-life elimination: hr
Excretion:
urine (80%)
feces (9%)
Piroxicam
Half-life: hr (average 50 hr)
Onset:
15-30 min -1 hr
Duration: hr
Protein Bound: 99.3%
Vd: L/kg
Metabolism: hydroxylation; conjugation by cyclodehydration
Excretion: urine, feces

21. NSAID The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Ibuprofen
Ketoprofen
Naproxen
Half-life
2-4 hr
Onset
30-60 min
<30
1 hr
Duration
4-6 hr
6 hr
4-7 hr Vd
0.12 L/kg
0.1 L/kg
0.16 L/kg
Protein Bound
90-99%
99%
<99%
Bio
availability
80-100%
90%
95%
Metabolism
Rapid hepatic oxidation
hepatic
hepatic conjugation
Excretion
Urine 50-60% (<10% unchanged)
Urine 50-90% feces 1-8%
Urine 95%; feces <5% e

22. NSAID The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Aspirin
Meclofenamate
Half-life
2-3 hr (low dose); hr (higher dose)
40 min-5.3 hr
Onset
PO 5-30 min; PR 1-2 hr
30 min
Duration
PO 3-6 hr
PR >7 hr Vd
L/kg
Protein Bound
90-95%
99.8%
Bio
availability
80-100%
26%
Metabolism
Hepatic via microsomal enzyme system
Hepatic
Excretion
principally in urine (80-100%), saliva, feces
urine (70%); feces (20-30%) e

23. Opioid Analgesics The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Phenyl
butazone
Ketorolac
Celecoxib
Half-life
60 hr
2-6 hr
11 hr
Onset
IM: 10 min;
PO: min
Duration
6-8 hr Vd
L/kg
7.14 L/kg
Protein Bound
98%
>99%
97%
Bio
availability
80-100%
undetermined
Metabolism
hepatic
hepatic (CYP2C9)
Excretion
urine
Urine (91%); feces
feces 57%; urine 27%

24. Opioid Analgesics The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Codeine
Hydrocodone
Propoxyphene
Half-life: 3-5 hr
Onset: Rapid
Duration: 2-4 hr (SC/IM)
Peak Plasma Time: SC min; IM min
Bioavailability: 50-60%;
Protein Bound: 60-80%
Metabolism: liver
Excretion: urine (primarily)
Half-life: hr
Duration: 4-8 hr
Peak Plasma Time: 1.3 hr (single 10 mg dose)
Concentration: 23.6 ng/ml (single 10 mg dose)
Excretion: urine (mainly)
Half-life: 6-12 hr
Duration: 4-6 hr
Peak Plasma Time: hr
Concentration: ng/mL
Metabolism: prolonged, hepatic

25. Opioid Analgesics The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Fentanyl
Levorphanol
Half-life
2-4 hr
12-16 hr
Onset
immediate (IV)
7-15 min (IM)
10-60 min (PO)
Duration
1-2hr (IM);
0.5-1hr (IV)
4-8 hr Vd
Protein Bound
80-85%
Bio
availability
50%
Metabolism
hepatic
Excretion
urine (75%), feces
urine

26. Opioid Analgesics The main pharmacokinetics parameters
Meperidine
Methadone
Morphine
Half-life
0.5-1 hr
8-59 hr hr
Onset
30-60 min (PO);
10-30 min (IM)
0.5-1 hr (oral); min (parenteral)
15-30 min (PO); <5 min (IV)
Duration
4-6 hr
up to 7 hr Vd
3.5 L/kg (PO); 2.6 L/kg (IM)
1-4.7 L/kg (IV)
Protein Bound
25%
85-90%
36% (IV)
Bio
availability
36-100%
Metabolism
liver
Excretion
urine, feces
urine
urine & feces