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Inquiry-Based Labs in Musical Acoustics M. S. Pettersen Washington & Jefferson College
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“Good Vibrations:” a course in musical acoustics for non-majors Goal: bring active learning into a class for non- science majors Studies show active learning methods are more effective (Laws; McDermott; Redish and Steinberg; Birk and Foster; etc.). –Students see and hear phenomena for themselves. The best way to learn about science is to practice it –It’s fun, too!
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… which implies that the course should: Include the old-fashioned kind of experiments that students can see, hear, feel Alternate bench-top experiments with measurements of real instruments, acoustics of campus auditoriums, etc. –Using Vernier Software’s Logger Pro –Using free software from the internet Incorporate music listening
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Old-fashioned experiments Siren discMonochord (sonometer) Melde’s apparatusChladni plates
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New-fangled experiments using Logger Pro Overtones Inharmonicity in the piano Percussion instruments and virtual pitch Differences among the woodwinds Sound envelope Echoes Auditorium acoustics
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Inharmonicity of the piano
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Percussion instruments; virtual pitch TimpaniBass drum
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Differences among the woodwinds Clarinet: odd overtones only (one end open, one end closed) Saxophone: particularly strong second harmonic Flute: almost pure fundamental
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Auditorium acoustics Reverberation time is about 1 s
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New-fangled experiments using software; Electronic music Fourier synthesizer Java applet Spectrogram software Software synthesizer (electronic instruments).mp3 compression with MediaMonkey Signal processing and sound editing with Audacity
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Fourier synthesizer Java applet http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/viewtopic.php?t=33
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Spectrogram software A.Aaaaaaaaaaa! B.FFFFF Note formants, overtones
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Signal processing and sound editing with Audacity Row, row, row your boat….
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Listening Bach Brandenburg #2: overtones on the Baroque (valveless) trumpet Berlioz Requiem – Dies Irae (Tuba Mirum) – speed of sound
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Sources Evolution eKeys Keyboards: http://www.zzounds.com Auditory Demonstrations CD: http://asa.aip.org/discs.html Fourier synthesizer Java applet: http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/viewtopic.php?t=33 Spectrogram software: http://www.visualizationsoftware.com/gram.html Media Monkey audio format converter and.mp3 ripper: http://www.mediamonkey.com/download.htm Audacity sound editing and processing software: http://audacity.sourceforge.net
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