1. AP Human Geography—Minich
Political Geography
AP Human Geography—Minich

2. Political geography: Conflict
State
Nation-State
Perfect Examples?
Multi-National State
Examples: UK
Part-Nation State
Examples: Kurds
Centrifugal vs. Centripetal
Examples?
Shatter Belt
Punjab

3. Political geography: Conflict
Balkanization
Centrifugal Forces
Religion
Catholicism, Orthodox, Islam
Ethnicity
Language
Roman vs. Cyrillic
Centripetal Forces
Political
Austro-Hungarians
Yugoslavia (1991)
Ethnic Cleansing
“Greater Serbia”
Kosovo (1999)

4. “Syrian conflict”
Explain the origin of modern Middle Eastern borders according to Rice.
What does Rice mean by “sectarian allegiances?”
Explain where you see the concept of Balkanization in the editorial.
What does she mean by the “Middle East state system?”
What is the former Secretary’s proposed solution? Why?

5. Defining a State
Definition: defined territories, permanent population, fully independent (sovereign)
Country=state
History
States have existed for thousands of years.
“City-States”
Empires
Modern concept—dates back to Europe in the 17th-19th centuries
As of 1950 only about 50 recognized independent countries; now nearly 200 (and more coming)
Antarctica—only large piece of land not controlled by a state
Difficulty of Definition
Western Sahara, Taiwan, Korea
Peace of Westphalia (1648)—Thirty Years’ War

6. Difficulty of Defining State: Taiwan
Technically part of China
Used to be called “Formosa”
Terms:
China = People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Taiwan = Republic of China (ROC)
1949, non-communists (Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island
Claimed independence from China
US supports Taiwan, but says they are all China
Very industrialized; GDP per capita= 4-5x of China

7. Difficulty of Defining State: North and South Korea
History
1895 – 1945
Japan
38th parallel
NK = Communist (USSR)
SK = Democracy (US)
1950: Korean War
36,500 US military killed
Cease-fire 1953
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
2½ miles wide
38,000 US personnel

8. North Korea Atrocities: Camp 14 Development: Dynasty—
South Korean economy—
24x North Korean GDP
Dynasty—
Kim Il Sung “Great Leader”
Kim Jong Il “Dear Leader”
Kim Jong Un
Atrocities: Camp 14
“3 Generations of punishment”

9. State Expansion Colonization
Most of the remaining colonies are small
islands in the Pacific or Caribbean.
Colonization
Causes—correlation with demographic transition model?
Today: ie. “territories, overseas dependencies, subnational entities, in free association, or special administrative regions”

10. State Expansion Organic Theory of States (1901)
Friedrich Ratzel
German
Lebensraum
Heartland Theory (1904)
Halford John Mackinder
British
“World Island”—Heartland
Europe, Asia, Africa—resources
“Offshore islands”
British Isles, Japan
“Outlying islands”
North/South America, Australia

11. Heartland vs. Rimland Nicholas Spykman American (1942) Rimland Theory
Helped design Containment Policy
“Balance of power”
Maintain a divided rimland

12. Heartland vs. Rimland Heartland Theory: Rimland Theory:
Mackinder believed that a landbased power, not a seabased power, would ultimately rule the world. He believed that Eurasia was the most important area in the world containing a “pivot area” extending from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia. The “pivot area” became known as the Heartland.
Who rules East Europe rules the Heartland.
Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island.
Who rules the World Island rules the World.
Rimland Theory:
Spykman believed the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power. He parodied Mackinder:
Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia
Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.
Spykman saw a divided rimland as a key to the world’s balance of power. Today the rimland includes Western Europe and China

13. Shapes of States Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples…
Micro-state
Compact
Elongated
Prorupted
Perforated
Enclave
Fragmented
Exclave
Landlocked

14. Types of Boundaries Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples…
Physical
Water, mountains, etc.
Cultural
Geometric
Religious
Linguistic
Others…
Antecedent
Super-imposed boundary
Satellite states
Relict

15. Internal Political Organization
Geographic power distribution: Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples…
Unitary- central government makes laws for the entire nation and gives local governments only limited power and authority
Great Britain, Japan and France
Federal System- gives the national government certain powers and reserves others for the states
United States, India, Mexico, Russia
Confederation- smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government very limited powers
Articles of Confederation, United Nations, European Union

16. Electoral geography Census Apportionment
At-large
435 members of Congress (1911)
1:647,000 people (2000 Census)
Redistricting (Responsibility of state legislatures)
Compact, Contiguous, Congruent, Equity
Census- 10 years, by the Commerce Department
- undercounted lower income, minorities
Apportionment- using the census numbers, states add or lose representatives based on a formula used by the House of Representatives
At-large- represent an entire state
435 Members- capped the number of members in 1911
Sun-belt- southern states, increasing in population
Rust-belt- northeastern states losing population

17. Electoral geography Malapportionment (refusal to redistrict)
UK— Rotten/pocket borough
Reform Act of 1832
US—
Baker v. Carr (TN,1962), urbanization
Wesberry v. Sanders (GA,1964), “one man one vote”
Gerrymandering (manipulating district lines)
Wasted vote, excess vote, stacked vote
Partisan, Racial
Redistricting- State legislatures draw congressional and legislative districts to reflect to the new apportionment
Compact- firmly packed together
Contiguous- in actual contact, touching
Congruent- roughly the same size and shape
Equity- an equal number of residents
Wesberry v. Sanders- “one man, one vote” Warren court (p. 55)
Malapportionment- fail to draw lines, keep the old district boundaries in spite of the change in population
Gerrymandering- manipulating district lines
Affirmative gerrymandering- in the south according to the Voting Rights Act of 1964, all districts have to be submitted to the Justice Department

18. Electoral geography
2000 Census
2010 Census

19. U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County Texas (outlined in red) In 2003, Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state, diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county.

20. The unusual "earmuff" shape of the 4th Congressional District of Illinois connects two Hispanic neighborhoods while remaining narrowly tracing Interstate 294.

21. Supranationalism Why do IGO’s (Intergovernmental Organizations) exist?
Not new…Delian League (478 BCE), Hanseatic League (13th Cent.)
Global vs. Regional
Economic
NAFTA, OPEC, World Trade Organization
Political
Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity, British Commonwealth of Nations, Arab League
Military
NATO, Warsaw Pact, Rome-Berlin Axis
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO’s)
International Red Cross/Crescent, Green Peace, Doctors Without Borders

22. OPEC
NATO

23. IGO Research Questions
Global or Regional
What is the purpose of the organization?
Type: Economic, Political, Military
What states are members?
What areas of sovereignty do member states sacrifice in return for membership?
What role do you see this IGO playing in the future? How do you think this IGO will change the nature of member/nonmember states?

24. Origin of the United Nations
Where did the idea for the UN come from?
1945
What was its original purpose?
What was the League of Nations?
How did it form the foundation of the United Nations?
What are the differences?

25. United Nations Members

26. Un General Assembly Who belongs? What Powers? 192 Members
2/3’s required to make decisions
What Powers?
Discuss issues/problems
Pass resolutions
Votes for membership election, suspend/admit members, budgetary matters

27. UN Security Council Who belongs? What Powers?
15 members (9 out of 15 required to pass resolutions)
5 Permanent Veto Nations (US, Russia, UK, France and China)
10 Non-permanent elected
What Powers?
Investigates disputes, pass resolutions, can call for economic or military action

28. UN Secretariat Secretariat Secretary General Peacekeepers Ban Ki-moon
day to day operations, taking orders from the UN members
Secretary General
Ban Ki-moon
Continent Rotation
Peacekeepers

29. Describe the basic Organization
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Settles legal disputes between countries, ruling is binding
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Intended to improve living standards
UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO, World Bank
UN Declarations:
Human Rights, Genocide Convention, Law of the Seas, Earth Summit
United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture
International Labour Organization
Food and Agriculture Organization
World Health Organization

30. European Union
EU Embassy
(Washington, DC)
Parliament (Brussels)

31. What is the European Union (EU)?
1951—Sought economic cooperation to prevent a repeat of a conflict like World War II (European Coal and Steel Community—Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany)
1967—European Community (EC) promoted further economic cooperation (12 members), also managed nuclear energy production
1993—Maastricht Treaty the EU has been expanding into other policy areas such as the environment, education, security, foreign policy, immigration and crime

32. European Union: Member States (27)
Austria (1995) Belgium (1952) Bulgaria (2007) Cyprus (2004) Czech Republic (2004) Denmark (1973) Estonia (2004) Finland (1995) France (1952) Germany (1952) Greece (1981) Hungary (2004) Ireland (1973) Italy (1952)
Latvia (2004)
Lithuania (2004)
Luxembourg (1952)
Malta (2004)
Netherlands (1952)
Poland (2004)
Portugal (1986)
Romania (2007)
Slovakia (2004)
Slovenia (2004)
Spain (1986)
Sweden (1995)
United Kingdom (1973)

34. Who can join the EU? To join a country must meet a list of criteria:
Stable democratic government
Good human rights record
Sound economic policy
Willing to adopt all EU regulations and laws
Acceding country
Croatia
Candidate Countries
Iceland
Montenegro
Serbia
FYR of Macedonia
Turkey
Potential Candidates
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo

35. Euro

36. EU: Basic Facts Capital: Brussels
Area: 4.3 million sq km (US: 9.8 million sq km)
France, Spain, UK, Germany
Population: 504 million (US: 314 million)
Germany, France, Italy, UK
GDP $15.48 trillion (US: $15.08 trillion)
Per capita GDP $34,100 (US: $48,300)
Life Expectancy years (US: years)