1. The Unification of Italy
The Risorgimento

2. Italian Unification

3. Background Congress of Vienna
Restoration of the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments
Groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian state again
the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs
they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present day Italy and were the single most powerful force against unification
the Austrian Empire fought hard against nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula
Metternich stated that the word Italy was "purely a geographic expression."

4. Background Pope opposed to Italian unification
Wanted some measure of autonomy over the Papal States
Different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take
Vincenzo Gioberti suggested a confederation of Italian states under the Pope.
Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic
Eventually it was a king and his minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy

5. Early Moves Carbonari (coal-burners)
a secret organization formed in southern Italy early in the 19th century
Inspired by the principles of the French revolution, its members were mainly drawn from the middle class and intellectuals
Carbonari spread into the Papal States, the kingdom of Sardinia, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and the kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Many rulers decreed the death penalty for anyone who attended a Carbonari meeting
Most leaders of the unification movement were members of this organization

6. Prominent Leaders Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Garibaldi Count Cavour
Victor Emmanuel II

7. Giuseppe Mazzini

8. Giuseppe Mazzini A member of the Carbonari
Activity in revolutionary movements got him in trouble
Organized La giovine Italia (Young Italy)
A political society
its basic principle was the union of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic
Believed that Italian unification could only be achieved through a popular uprising
His importance was more ideological than practical
Credited with fashioning the political idea that Italy was a country more than a patchwork of antiquated Roman city-states
It would be others who would make this idea a reality though
Never accepted a monarchical united Italy and continued to work for a democratic republic

9. Giuseppe Garibaldi

10. Giuseppe Garibaldi In 1833, met Giuseppe Mazzini
Joined the Young Italy movement and the Carbonari revolutionary association
In February 1834 he participated in a failed Mazzinian insurrection in Piedmont, was sentenced to death, and fled
Garibaldi left for Brazil and took up the cause of independence of the Republic of Rio Grande do Sul
Joined the rebels against the newly independent Brazilian nation
Returned to Italy in 848
served the king of Sardinia
after disagreements, he & followers crossed into Lombardy where they offered assistance to the provisional government of Milan
Roman Republic under threat from French forces
Garibaldi took up the command of the defense of Rome
city fell on June 30, 1849
Garibaldi was forced to flee
Moved to the USA then to the UK

11. Count Camillo di Cavour

12. Count Camillo di Cavour
In 1847, became a political journalist with his newspaper Il Risorgimento in Turin
Gave a speech in front of many journalists in favor of a constitution for Piedmont, which was eventually granted
Never really favoured the establishment of a united country
favored an expanded Piedmont rather than a unified Italy
like most Italians he resented the control that Austria had over the country
when an uprising in Milan against the Austrians occurred in 1849, Cavour was one of many who advocated the war that followed as the chance to expell the Austrians once and for all
the war was unsuccessful for the Piedmontese
Cavour was finally brought in to the Chamber of Deputies, sitting on the right as a conservative
gained a reputation as a non-revolutionary progressive
Cavour lost an election but was then brought back into Parliament
Cavour soon came to dominate the cabinet
Became Prime Minister of Piedmont on 4 November 1852

13. Victor Emmanuel II

14. Victor Emmanuel II Became king of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1849
father abdicated after an overwhelming military defeat by the Austrians
Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favorable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian commander
In 1849 he also fiercely suppressed the revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of cowards
In 1852 Victor Emmanuel II gave Count Camillo di Cavour the title of Prime Minister
Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the Italian Risorgimento

15. 1830
Rrevolutionary sentiment in favor of a unified Italy began to grow
Insurrections took place throughout the Papal States
Chose the tri-color as their flag
Insurrected provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane unite
Pope Gregory XVI asked for Austrian help against the rebels
Spring of 1831
Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula
crushed resistance in each province that had revolted

16. 1848
Revolutions all over Italy
Results
No change

17. War of 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont still sought expansion across Italy
Cavour saw that Piedmont would not be able to do it alone
hoped to secure aid from Britain and France in expelling the Austrians
Attempted to gain western favor by supporting them in the Crimean War
not successful
Italian matters were ignored at the Congress of Paris
On January 14, 1858, an Italian nationalist Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III
In a plea written from his prison cell, Orsini appealed to Napoleon III to fulfill his destiny by aiding the forces of Italian nationalism
Napoleon III became convinced that it was his destiny to do something for Italy
Summer of 1858
Cavour met with Napoleon III and signed a secret agreement
agreed to a joint war against Austria
Piedmont would gain the Austrian territories in Italy (Lombardy and Venetia), as well as the Duchies of Parma and Modena
France would be rewarded with Piedmont's transalpine territories of Savoy and Nice
Cavour was to provoke the Austrians into aggression by encouraging revolutionary activity in Lombardy

18. War of 1859
The Austrians were surprisingly patient in dealing with the Piedmontese-inspired insurrections
The Piedmontese mobilization in March 1859 was then something of an admission of defeat
Without Austrian aggression, the French could not intervene, and without French support, Cavour was unwilling to risk war
At this time however, the Austrians conveniently made their opponents' task easier by sending an ultimatum to the Piedmontese demanding demobilization
This the Piedmontese could conveniently reject and, by making Austria seem the aggressor, allowed the French to intervene

19. War of 1859 The war itself was quite short Battle of Magenta
French and Sardinians were victorious over the Austrian army
Austrians withdrew from most of Lombardy
Battle of Solferino
bloody engagement
French were again victorious
Austrians withdrew behind the Quadrilateral of fortresses on the borders of Venetia

20. Results of War of 1859 Napoleon III meets with Franz Josef
Sardinia-Piedmont takes Lombardy, no other changes
Smaller northern Italian states form the United Provinces of Central Italy
Napoleon III agrees to their incorporation into Sardinia-Piedmont after compensation of Savoy and Nice being transferred to France

21. 1860 Only four states remain in Italy Sardinia-Piedmont Venetia
Papal States
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

22. Initial Unification
Garibaldi invades Sicily and takes control of the island in short order
After consolidation of power in Sicily, Garibaldi invades the mainland
Takes Naples, the capital of the Two Sicilies
Still not able to completely defeat the army of the Two Sicilies
Calls for help from Sardinia-Piedmont
To reach the Two Sicilies, the army of Sardinia-Piedmont was required to go through the Papal states
Initial agreement was given for this
However, Papal army resisted and was defeated

23. Initial Unification
Combined army of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel finally defeats the army of the Two Sicilies
King of Two Sicilies abdicates
Two Sicilies united with Sardinia-Piedmont in an Italian state
Only Papal States and Venetia remain outside the union

24. Moves on Rome French troops staioned in Rome to support the pope
Garibaldi demands that Italian state attack Rome
Italy refuses
Garibaldi, with 2,000 volunteers moves on Rome but is barred by Italian troops
Victor Emmanuel II reaches agreement with Napoleon III for French to leave by 1866

25. Austro-Prussian War Italy supports Prussia
Invades Venetia in 1866
Defeated in battles both on land and on sea
With defeat of Austria in the war
Italy awarded Venetia
Only Rome stayed outside of a united Italy

26. Rome French troops move back into Rome
Various threats to Rome by Italian groups from 1866 – 1870
With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, France returns troops to France to fight in the war
Italy takes Rome after French defeat at Sedan
Pope withdraws inside Vatican
Rome becomes capital of Italy