18. British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in 1947 Ladakh part of India until today 1840-1: Kashmir vs. Tibet War Dogra invasion of Tibet repulsed; Tibetans defeated in Ladakh, territory remains with raja of Kashmir

20. Maharaja of Kashmir, 1900

21. British in the Himalayas: Sahibs Hunt

23. British Develop Himalayas Hill stations for monsoon and heat seasons Western Himalayas: Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Ooty, Jammu, Kashmir. Eastern Himalayas Darjeeling, Gangtok, Kalimpong, Kurseong, Mirik, Shillong, Imphal

24. British Military Recruitment: Employment of “Hill Men” of India and Nepalese “Gurkhas”

25. Modern Nepal: Pan-regional conquests and Final formation after British conflicts

27. Mughal Influences

28. Rana Rule: 1846-1950 Autocratic Era: Country closed to outsiders. No national treasury, only Rana family holdings. Few efforts to develop infrastructure, including public schools, roads, etc. Aggressive Hindu nationalism, including Hindu law imposed. Non-Nepali languages and cultures repressed.

29. Over 100 Rana Palaces built, importing Italian architects, materials.

31. Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa 1903-4 Massacres, surrender, forced pact to open roads, telegraph, mail service, Resident in Lhasa

34. Expedition to Gyantse, and Lhasa, negotiations with Dalai Lama

35. Sikkim In 1642 Persecution of the Nyingmapa sect in Tibet lead to their leaders fleeing the country and taking refuge in Sikkim and Bhutan. Phuntsog Namgyal, the grandson of Khye Bumsa is consecrated as the first Chogyal 1850-present Darjeeling separate from Chogyal as part of British India; becomes “hill station”, tea growing area. 1973 Indian Annexation

36. Darjeeling as Hill Station

39. Bhutan A FRONTIER NON-GELUGPA TIBETAN STATE in 1616, the Shabdrung Lama repelled numerous Tibetan invasions, unified the many warring regional feudal overlords, and brought all of Bhutan under the influence of the Drukpa Kagyud School.

41. NEW COUNTRY: In 1907, Ugyen Wangchuk was unanimously elected by all Regional Governors and the Central Monastic Body, at the Punakha Dzong and crowned "Druk Gyalpo" (literally, precious ruler of the dragon people). The present king, the fourth hereditary monarch, is Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuk,

42. Dzong-s as centers of society

43. Domestic Culture 120 meters

44. Recent Issue: National Development based on “Gross National Happiness” and the problem of Ethnic/Cultural Nationalism Responding to new laws requiring proof of citizenship, national dress [gyo] and language [dzong-kha], Nepali-speaking residents fled Bhutan around 1990. Most of the 100,000 were stripped of land and denied claims to citizenship and expelled. As of 2008, most remain in refugee camps in Nepal, the only country that would grant refuge.

45. Useful recent Bhutanese Movies

46. NE Himalayas: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh

47. Great national Hindu temple of Kamakhya, Gauhati

48. MODERNITY

49. Himalayan Frontier as Region of Uprisings: Hill people vs. Plains elites Nepal

50. Kashmir

51. NE Himalayas Darjeeling and Assam Gorkhaland State Secession from India Movement

52. Media and its opening new vistas

53. Extreme Poverty and the Challenge of Community Uplift

54. Himalayan Buddhism beyond ethic and national borders