1. Programmable Logic Controllers PLC’s
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2. Overview Course Contents What is a PLC ? History
Overview of Technology
PLC Configuration and Selection
Programming PLC’s

3. Course Contents Introductions to PLC PLC Hardware Programming
Input / Output Processing
Input Devices
Output Devices
Programming
Internal Relays
Timers
Counters
Projects

4. What is a PLC ?

5. What is a PLC ?
A PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending on their state, and the user entered program, turns on/off outputs.
A PLC can be thought of as:
Industrial Computers with specially designed architecture in both their central units (the PLC itself) and their interfacing circuitry to field devices (input / output connections to the real world).

6. Commercial And Industrial Computers
Commercial Computer
Industrial Computer

7. History 1/5
Early control systems consisted of huge control boards consisting of hundreds to thousands of electromechanical relays.
An Engineer would design the system logic.
Electricians would receive a schematic outline of logic then implement the logic with relays.
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CR3 M1
PB1
LS1
SOL2
PB2
LS3
LS4

8. History 2/5 The schematic was commonly called “Ladder Schematic”
The Ladder displayed all switches, sensors, motors, valves, relays etc in the system.
Problems: Long implementation time, Mechanical dependence, Any system logic design change required the power to the control board to be isolated stopping production

9. History 3/5
General Motors was among the first to recognize a need to replace the systems “wired control board”
Hydromantic Division of GM specified the design criteria for the programmable controller in 1968.
Goal – Eliminate the high cost associated with inflexible, Relay controlled systems.

10. History 4/5 New Controller Specifications: Solid State System
Computer Flexibility
Operate in Industrial Environment (vibrations, heat, dust etc.)
Capability of being reprogrammed
Easily programmed and maintained by electricians and technicians.

11. History 5/5 In 1969 Gould Modicon developed the first PLC.
Strength – Programmed with Ladder Logic
Initially called Programmable Controllers PC’s
Now PLC’s, Programmable Logic Controllers
PLC’s have evolved from simple on/off control to being able to communicate with other control systems, provide production reports, schedule production, diagnose machine and process faults.

12. Relay Logic vs. PLC & Ladder Logic
Programmable
Logic Controller
Inputs
Outputs CR
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CR3 M1
PB1
LS1
SOL2
PB2
LS3
LS4 X0 X1 Y0
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| |
( ) X2 X3 M0
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( ) X4
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|/| M0 X5 Y1
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( )

13. PLC Configuration
RACK
SHOE BOX (UNITARY)
MICRO

14. The Configuration of PLC
The configuration of PLC refers to the packaging of the components.
Typical configurations are listed below from largest to smallest.
Rack Type : A rack is often large (up to 18” by 30” by 10”) and these use a range of modules that use together to build up a system.
Shoebox: A compact, all-in-one unit that has limited expansion capabilities. Lower cost and compactness make these ideal for small applications.
Micro: These units can be as small as a deck of cards. They tend to have fixed quantities of I/O and limited abilities, but costs will be lowest. 1

15. Most Basic of PLC Systems
In the most basic of PLC systems, a self contained (shoe box) PLC has 2 terminal blocks, one for Inputs and one for Outputs
Today, most PLC’s in this category are know as Micrologix. Typically they provide front panel LED status indication of I/O and Processor states
Inputs
Outputs
Programmable Controller CR

16. Modular Chassis Based PLC’s
The vast majority of PLC’s installed today are modular chassis based systems consisting of:
Processor Module (CPU)
Input & Output Modules
Chassis
Power Supply

17. Modular Chassis Based PLC’s

18. Sizing of PLC Micro PLCs: I/O up to 32 points
Small PLC: I/O up to 128 points
Medium PLC: I/O up to 1024 points
Large PLC: I/O up to 4096 points
Very Large: I/O up to 8192 points 1

19. Overview of Technology

20. Basic PLC Schema CPU Power Supply Memory Input Module Output Module
Programming devices
Communications
Expansion Connections

21. CPU Module

22. CPU Module Cont’d
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Module is the brain of the PLC.
CPU architecture may differ from one manufacturer to another, but in general, most CPUs follow this typical three-component organization (Processor, Memory, Power Supply)
The term CPU is often used interchangeably with the word Processor; however, the CPU encompasses all of the necessary elements that form the intelligence of the system—the processor plus the memory system and power supply 1

23. PLC Operating Cycle
PLC Program
SCAN
The basic function of a programmable controller is to read all of the field input devices and then execute the control program, which according to the logic programmed, will turn the field output devices ON or OFF.
A PLC works by continually scanning a program

24. PLC Operating Cycle Cont’d.
START
Housekeeping
Input Scan
Internal checks on memory, speed and operation. Service any communication requests, etc.
The status of external inputs (terminal block voltage) is written to the Input image (“Input file”).
Output Scan
Program Scan
The Output Image data is transferred to the external output circuits, turning the output devices ON or OFF.
The job description of the PLC when it is the RUN mode
Each ladder rung is scanned using the data in the Input file. The resulting status (Logic being solved) is written to the Output file (“Output Image”).

25. Scan Time
The scan time is the total time the PLC takes to complete the program and I/O update scans

26. Scan Time Cont’d
The program scan time generally depends on two factors:
the amount of memory taken by the control program
the type of instructions used in the program (which affects the time needed to execute the instructions)
The time required to make a single scan can vary from a few tenths of a millisecond to 50 milliseconds.

27. Power Supply
The system power supply plays a major role in the total system operation.
Its responsibility is not only to provide internal DC voltages to the system components (i.e., processor, memory, and input/output interfaces), but also to monitor and regulate the supplied voltages and warn the CPU if something is wrong.
PLC power supplies require input from an AC power source; however, some PLCs will accept a DC power source. Most PLCs, however, require a 120 VAC or 220 VAC power source, while a few controllers will accept 24 VDC.

28. Memory
The memory includes pre-programmed ROM memory containing the PLC’s operating system, driver programs and application programs and the RAM memory.
PLC manufacturer offer various types of retentive memory to save user-programs and data while power is removed, so that the PLC can resume execution of the user-written control program as soon as power is restored. 1

29. Memory cont’d
Many PLCs also offer removable memory modules, which are plugged into the CPU module.
Memory can be classified into two basic categories: volatile and non-volatile.
- Volatile memory is that which loses state (the stored information) when power is removed.
- Non-volatile memory, on the other hand, maintains the information in memory even if the power is interrupted.

30. Memory cont’d Some types of memory used in a PLC include:
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
This memory is permanent and cannot be erased. It is often used for storing the operating system for the PLC.

31. Memory cont’d RAM (Random Access Memory)
This memory is fast, but it will lose its contents when power is lost, this is known as volatile memory. Every PLC uses this memory for the central CPU when running the PLC.
For the most part, today’s programmable controllers use RAM with battery support for application memory.
Random-access memory provides an excellent means for easily creating and altering a program, as well as allowing data entry

32. Memory cont’d
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
This memory can store programs like ROM. It can be programmed and erased using a voltage, so it is becoming more popular than EPROMs.
Several of today’s small and medium-sized controllers use EEPROM as the only memory within the system. It provides permanent storage for the program and can be easily changed with the use of a programming device (e.g., a PC) or a manual programming unit.

33. Application Memory
The application memory stores programmed instructions and any data the processor will use to perform its control functions.
The controller stores all data in the data table section of the application memory, while it stores programmed instructions in the user program section.

34. Application Memory Cont’d
The input table is an array of bits that stores the status of digital inputs connected to the PLC’s input interface. The maximum number of input table bits is equal to the maximum number of field inputs that can be connected to the PLC

35. Application Memory Cont’d
The output table is an array of bits that controls the status of digital output devices that are connected to the PLC’s output interface. The maximum number of bits available in the output table equals the maximum number of output field devices that can interface with the PLC.

36. I/O Modules
Input and output (I/O) modules connect the PLC to sensors and actuators.
Provide isolation for the low-voltage, low-current signals that the PLC uses internally from the higher-power electrical circuits required by most sensors and actuators.
Wide range of I/O modules available including: digital (logical) I/O modules and analog (continuous) I/O modules. 1

37. Inputs Modules
Inputs come from sensors that translate physical or chemical phenomena into electrical signals.
The simplest form of inputs are digital/discrete in AC/DC.
In smaller PLCs the inputs are normally built in and are specified when purchasing the PLC.
For larger PLCs the inputs are purchased as modules, or cards, with 8,16, 32, 64, 96 inputs of the same type on each card. 1

38. Inputs Modules Cont’d
The list below shows typical ranges for input voltages.
5 Volts DC TTL level
24 Volts AC/DC
48 Volts AC/DC
110 Volts AC/DC
220 Volts AC/DC 1

39. An AC/DC Input
Block diagram
Circuit

40. SOURCING vs. SINKING Sensor With PNP Output Sensor With NPN Output

41. Sinking DC Inputs
When a PLC input card does not have a common but it has a V+ instead, it can be used for NPN sensors. In this case the current will flow out of the card (sourcing) and we must switch it to ground.

42. Sourcing DC Inputs
When we have a PLC input card that has a common then we can use PNP sensors. In this case the current will flow into the card and then out the common to the power supply.

43. Rules Sourcing field devices must be connected to sinking I/O cards
Sinking field devices must be connected to sourcing I/O cards

44. Device connections
for DC input module
for an AC input module 1

45. Input Devices Pushbuttons Selector Switches Limit Switches
Level Switches
Photoelectric Sensors
Proximity Sensors
Motor Starter Contacts
Relay Contacts
Thumbwheel Switches
Field input devices provide an electrical signal based on a condition
ON, OFF etc..
The design of the inputs determines the type of electrical signal that can be used.
Different applications, and regions may use different voltages.
Larger rack mount PLC’s typically support a wider range of input voltages
TTL (5Vdc), 12Vdc, 24Vdc/VAC, 48Vdc, 72Vdc, 120Vac, 220Vac etc... 3

46. Outputs Modules
Output modules rarely supply any power, but instead act as switches.
External power supplies are connected to the output card and the card will switch the power on or off for each output.
A common choice when purchasing output cards is relays, transistors or triacs.
Relay are the most flexible output devices. They are capable of switching both AC and DC outputs. But, they are slower, cost more, and they will wear out after millions of cycles. 1

47. An AC Output Circuit The AC switch
is normally protected by an RC snubber and/or a metal oxide varistor (MOV),
which limits the peak voltage to some value below the maximum rating.
Snubber and MOV circuits also prevent electrical noise from affecting the
circuit operation.

48. DC Output
As in DC inputs, DC output modules may have either sinking or sourcing configurations. If a module has a sinking configuration, current flows from the load into the module’s terminal, switching the negative (return or common) voltage to the load. The positive current flows from the load to the common via the module’s power transistor.
In a sourcing module configuration, current flows from the module into the load, switching the positive voltage to the load

49. An Example of a 24Vdc Output Card With a Voltage Input (Sourcing)

50. An Example of a 24Vdc Output Card (Sinking)

51. Relays
When using relay outputs it is possible to have each output isolated from the next. A relay output card could have AC and DC outputs beside each other.
Relay outputs are usually used to control up to 2 amps or when a very low resistance is required. Transistor outputs are open collector common emitter or emitter follower 1

52. An Example of a Relay Output Card1

53. Outputs Typical output voltages are listed below, 24 Volts AC/DC
5 Volts DC TTL level
24 Volts AC/DC
48 Volts AC/DC
110 Volts AC/DC
220 Volts AC/DC
WARNING: Always check rated voltages and currents for PLCs and never exceed. 1

54. Output Devices Valves Motor Starters Solenoids Control Relays Alarms
Lights
Fans
Horns
Field output devices are controlled by electricity being switched by the PLC.
ON, OFF etc..
PLC’s “Switch” electricity, they do not “supply” electricity
The design of the outputs determines the type of electrical “Load” that can be used.
Different applications may require specialized output designs.
Voltage/Current issues include
Higher current - relays
Longer life cycle - solid state (Triacs for AC, MOSFET for DC)
Triacs 120Vac applications 1/2 amp maximum load
MOSFET 24Vdc applications 1 amp maximum load
Isolation issues can be crucial for an application. Typically the more isolation provided between output points the better. (The more individual commons the better) This provides customers greater flexibility in wiring and controlling different loads with the same PLC. 4

55. Programmable controller I/O connection diagram

56. Analogue Cards Typical Analogue Input signals are:
Flow sensors
Humidity sensors
Pressure sensors
Temperature sensors
Vibration
Analogue Output signals control:
Analogue Valves
Variable Speed Drives
Typical Analogue Signal Levels
4 - 20mA
1 - 5 Vdc
Vdc
-10 – 10Vdc 1

57. Analogue Inputs/Outputs
Analogue input cards convert continuous signals via a A/D converter into discrete values for the PLC
Analogue output cards convert digital values in then PLC to continuous signals via a D/A converter.
Resolution can be important in choosing an applicable card

58. Programming Devices
PLC manufacturers have always maintained an easy human interface for program entry. This means that users do not have to spend much time learning how to enter a program, but rather they can spend their time programming and solving the control problem.
Most PLCs are programmed using very similar instructions. The only difference may be the mechanics associated with entering the program into the PLC, which may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer
The two basic types of programming devices are:
Mini-programmers
personal computers

59. Mini-Programmers

60. Mini-Programmers Cont’d
Mini-programmers, also known as handheld or manual programmers, are an inexpensive and portable way to program small PLCs (up to 128 I/O).
Mini-programmers can also be useful tools for starting up, changing, and monitoring the control logic
Some mini-programmers offer removable memory cards or modules, which store a complete program that can be reloaded at any time into any member of the PLC family
Most mini-programmers are designed so that they are compatible with two or more controllers in a product family

61. Personal Computer
Common usage of the personal computer (PC) in our daily lives has led to the practical elimination of dedicated PLC programming devices.
Due to the personal computer’s general-purpose architecture and standard operating system, most PLC manufacturers provide the necessary PC software to implement ladder program entry, editing, documentation, and real-time monitoring of the PLC’s control program.

62. Selecting a PLC Number of logical inputs and outputs Memory
Number of special I/O modules
Expansion Capabilities
Scan Time
Communication
Software
Support
Dollars 1

63. Example of PLC Specifications1

64. Manufactures Major Brands OMRON Allen Bradley
Schneider (Modicon, Telemecanique, Square D)
GE Fanuc
Siemens
Automation Direct (Koyo)
Toshiba
Mitsubishi
Hitachi

65. Programming PLC’s
The purpose of a PLC Program is to control the state of PLC outputs based on the current condition of PLC Inputs
A program is a connected series of instructions written in a language that the PLC can understand.
There are three forms of program format:
instruction: a word/mnemonic entry system
Ladder: a graphical program construction method using a relay logic symbols
SFC (Sequential Function Chart) :a flow chart style of STL (STep Ladder) program entry

66. Programming PLC’s Cont’d
Not all programming tools can work in all programming forms. Generally hand held programming panels only work with instruction format while most graphic programming tools will work with both instruction and ladder format. Specialist programming software will also allow SFC style programming.

67. Programming PLC’s Cont’d

69. Ladder Logic Concepts | | ( ) | | |/| | | | | |/| | | |/| | | | | |/|
Read / Conditional
Instructions
Write / Control
Instructions
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Start (Rung #1)
( )
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( )
End (Rung #5)

70. Ladder Logic Concepts
The vertical line of the diagram represent the power rails
Each rung on the ladder defines one operation in the control process
Ladder diagram is read from left to right and from top to bottom
Each rung must start with an input or inputs and must end with at least one output
One device can appear in more than one rung of ladder
Inputs and outputs are all identified by their address the notation used depending on the plc manufacture

71. Ladder Logic Concepts

72. Advantages Of PLC The advantages they offer are:
Cost effective for controlling complex systems
Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily
Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime
Reliable components, ensure operation for years
Variety of I/O interfaces

73. Advantages Of PLC Cont’d
Small size
Growing with technology, faster scan times, capability etc
Quick I/O disconnects that aids in field servicing
Software Timers/Counter, Relays
Clean failure mode
On-line programming
Availability of replacement parts

74. Input Devices
The most common class of input interfaces is digital (or discrete).
Discrete input interfaces connect digital field input devices (those that send noncontinuous, fixed-variable signals) to input modules of programmable controller.
The discrete, noncontinuous characteristic of digital input interfaces limits them to sensing signals that have only two states (ON/OFF, OPEN/CLOSED, TRUE/FALSE). To an input interface circuit, discrete input devices are essentially switches that are either open or closed, signifying either 1 (ON) or 0 (OFF).

75. Input Devices Cont’d
Analog signals have an infinite number of states. Temperature, for example, is an analog signal because it continuously changes by infinitesimal amounts. Consequently, a change from 70°F to 71°F is not just one change of 1°F, but rather an infinite number of smaller changes of a fraction of a degree.
Analog input modules digitize analog input signals, thereby bringing analog information into the PLC

76. Mechanical Switch
The mechanical switch generates an on/off signal or signals as a result of some mechanical input causing the switch to open or close
Switches are available with normally open (NO) or normally close (NC)
NO contact has its contact open in the absence of a mechanical input and the mechanical input is used to close the switch
NC contact has its contact closed in the absence of a mechanical input and the mechanical input is used to open the switch

77. Mechanical Switch cont’d
On/Off switch (Toggle switch)
Limit switch

78. Mechanical Switch cont’d
Limit switch

79. Proximity switches
Proximity sensors are discrete sensors that sense when an object has come near to the sensor face. There are four fundamental types of proximity sensors the inductive proximity sensor, the capacitive proximity sensor, the ultrasonic proximity sensor, and the optical proximity sensor.

80. Inductive Proximity Sensor
Inductive proximity sensors operate on the principle that the inductance of a coil vary as a metallic (or conductive) object is passed near to it. Because of this operating principle, inductive proximity sensors are only used for sensing metal objects. They will not work with non-metallic materials.
Small diameter sensors (approximately ¼” in diameter) have typical sensing ranges in the area of 1mm, while large diameter sensors (approximately 3" in diameter) have sensing ranges in the order of 50mm or more

81. Inductive Proximity Sensor cont’d

82. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
Capacitive proximity sensors are available in shapes and sizes similar to the inductive proximity sensor
capacitive proximity sensors will sense both metallic and non-metallic objects.
The principle of operation of the sensor is that an internal oscillator will not oscillate until a target is moved close to the sensor face. The target varies the capacitance of a capacitor in the face of the sensor that is part of the oscillator circuit.

83. The Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor
An ultrasonic “ping” is sent from the face of the sensor. If a target is located in front of the sensor and is within range, the ping will be reflected by the target and returned to the sensor.
When an echo is returned, the sensor detects that a target is present, and by measuring the time delay between the transmitted ping and the returned echo, the sensor can calculate the distance between the sensor and the target.

84. The Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor

85. Optical Proximity Sensor
Optical sensors are an extremely popular method of providing discrete-output sensing of objects. Since the sensing method uses light, it is capable of sensing any objects that are opaque.
They operate over long distances (as opposed to inductive or capacitive proximity sensors), will sense in a vacuum (as opposed to ultrasonic sensors), and can sense any type of material no matter whether it is metallic or nonmetalic

86. Transmissive Type

87. Reflective Type

88. Benefits
The benefits achieved with programmable controllers will grow with the individual using them:
“The more you learn about PLC’s, the more you will be able to solve other control problems.”

89. Thank you….
Questions ?