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WATER HARVESTING AND CC ADAPTATION IN THE DRY AREAS OF TUNISIA Regional Consultation Meeting Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Water Scarcity, Drought, and Population Mobility الاجتماع التشاوري الإقليمي " تأثيرات تغير المناخ في المنطقة العربية : ندرة المياه، والجفاف، وتنقل السكان " 16-15 سبتمبر / أيلول٢٠١٠ 2010 15-16 September دمشق، سوريا Damascus, Syria – Dr. Mohamed OUESSAR Institut des Régions Arides (IRA) 4119 – Médenine – Tunisie Tél: 216-75633005; Fax: +216-75633006 Email: Med.Ouessar@ira.agrinet.tn
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IntroductionIntroduction Basic principlesBasic principles DevelopmentDevelopment Overview of WH in TunisiaOverview of WH in Tunisia CC in TunisiaCC in Tunisia WH & CC adaptationWH & CC adaptation Conclusions & prospectsConclusions & prospects
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The dry areas are characterized by: rainfall is rare, variable and torrential Insufficient to meet the basic needs for crop production, Poorly distributed over the growing season risky farming Runoff can cause erosion and be lost later by evaporation from swamps ‘salt sinks”, High temperature evapotranspiration Shallow and poor soils degradation, moisture stress desertification Dominating rainfed agriculture
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Collection area Reservoir Target area Depriving part of the land of its share of rain, which is usually small and non productive, and adding it to the share of another part in order to bring the available water amount closer to the water requirements of crops (Oweis et al., 2001)
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Runoff harvesting – additional 35% of annual rainfall 150 mm200
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As long as the people have inhabited the dry areas and made cultivation, they have harvested water. In southern Jordan early WH structures are believed to have been constructed around 5000 years ago, Southern Mesopotamia: 4500 BC, Negev desert: 1000 BC, Yemen (Tihama): spreading system dating 1000 years BC Pakistan (Balauchistan): Khuskaba and salaiba systems Tunisia: Jessour, meskat and cisterns, Egypt (North west and Sina): wadi bed systems and cisterns, Moroccco, Syria, Iran, Oman, : Groundwater galleries (fouggara, falej, …).
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Ben Mechlia & Ouessar, 2004; Ouessar, 2007
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100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 1500 200
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Sebkha Wadi LEGENDS Cereals Forests Irrigation _ Fruit trees Rangelands 690 Altitude 200 Isohyet Agro-ecological zones
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100 400 Catchmen t Croppin g Area Jessour Dike
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Minis. Agriculture, 2007
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Temperature increase (in °C) for the 2020 (left) and 2050 (right) horizons.
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Average annual rainfall decrease (in %) for the 2020 (left) and 2050 (right) horizons.
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Snane et al., 1991
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ETa in a Meskat system for different CCR and annual rainfall (green: 413 mm; Red: 290 mm)
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Nasri et al., 2004
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Hyd. YearET rel (2/1)ET rel (3/1)ET rel (3/2) Wet1.1-- Dry2.32.51.1 Very dry12.015.61.3 Hyd. Year: type of the hydrological year ETrel: relative ETa 1: ETa with only rainfall on the terrace 2: ETa with rainfall and runoff on the terrace 3: ETa with rainfall, runoff and supplemental irrigation Water balance in of jessour
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Schiettecatte et al., 2005; Ouessar, 2007; Ouessar et al. 2009
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SC0SC1SC2SC3 mm% % % % Rainfall183.9 - - - - ET107.0 a 58.2147.2 b 80.1150.9 b 82.0150.9 b 82.0 Outflow34.3 a 18.74.0 b 2.20.1 c 0.00.1 c 0.0 Perco14.5 a 7.924.3 b 13.228.2 b 15.428.3 b 15.4 TLOSS28.0 a 15.28.2 b 4.43.1 c 1.73.2 c 1.7 Seepage0 a 0.00 a 0.01.1 b 0.60.9 b 0.5
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SC0 SC2 VD N D WVW
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Sghaier et al., 2010
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Water harvesting techniques have been developed since antiquity to cope with climate variability in the dry areas. They played major role in the development of rainfed agriculture in addition of providing other ecosystem services With the prospect of CC, those systems/techniques would be more useful. Therefore, they need to be well considered in the national/regional strategies for adaptation with CC.
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32 Alaya, K., Viertmann, W., Waibel, Th. 1993. Les tabias. Imprimerie Arabe de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia. 192 pp. Carton, D. 1888. Essai sur les travaux hydrauliques des Romains dans le Sud de la Régence de Tunis. Bulletin Archéologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 438-465. Chahbani, B. 1990. Contribution à l’étude de la destruction des jessour dans le sud tunisien. Revue des Régions Arides, 1: 137-172. De Graaff, J., Ouessar, M. 2002 (eds). Water harvesting in Mediterranean zones: an impact assessment and economic evaluation. TRMP paper n°40, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Fleskens, L., Stroosnijder, L., Ouessar, M., De Graaff, J. 2005. Evaluation of the onsite impact of water harvesting in Southern Tunisia. Journal of Arid Environments, 62: 613-630. Genin, D., Guillaume, H., Ouessar, M., Ouled Belgacem, A., Romagny, B., Sghaier, M., Taamallah, H. (eds) 2006. Entre la désertification et le développement : la Jeffara tunisienne. CERES, Tunis, 351 pp. Nasri, S. 2002. Hydrological effects of water harvesting techniques. Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 104 pp. Oweis, T., Hachum, A., Bruggeman, A. 2004. Indigenous water harvesting in West Asia and North Africa. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Ouessar M. 2007. Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting in wadi Oum Zessar watershed (southern Tunisia). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Bio-Engineering Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium, 154 pp. El Amami, S. 1984. Les aménagements hydrauliques traditionnels en Tunisie. Centre de Recherche en Génie Rural (CRGR), Tunis, Tunisia. 69 pp. Ennabli, N. 1993. Les aménagements hydrauliques et hydro-agricoles en Tunisie. Imprimerie Officielle de la République Tunisienne, Tunis, 255 pp.
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