1. NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (NAA)
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2. ANALISIS INSTRUMENTAL KIMIA
PENGGOLONGAN METODE
ANALISIS INSTRUMENTAL KIMIA
OTHER METHODS
SPECTROSCOPY
UVi-Vis (Ultra Ungu-Tampak)
AAS (Absorpsi)
AES (Auger Electron)
RAMAN
MOESBAUER
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
FTNMR
ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)
PHOTOACUSTIC
MS (Mass)
EIS (Electron Impact)
ISS (Ion Scattering)
XPS (Xray Photoelectron)
UPS (Ultraviolet Photoelectron)
THERMOMETRIC METHOD
-DTA
-DTG
ELECTROMETRIC METHOD
pH/ISE
Potentiometric Titration
Voltammetry
Polarography (PDV,DME,DPP)
Electrogravimetry and Coulometry
Conductometry
CHROMATOGRAPHY GC LC
HPLC
Tandem: GC-MS, LC-MS, LC-MS-MS
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACES
ISS (Ion Scattering Spectrometry)
SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectr.)
AES (Auger Emission Mass Spectr.)
ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis)
SPECTROMETRY
FLAME EMISSION
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
XRF
NUCLEAR METHOD (,,)
MS (MS/MS,ICP-MS,GC-MS,
LC-MS,LC-MS-MS, IMS)
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
UV-Vis IR
FLUORESCENCE
PHOSPHORESCENCE
RADIOCHEMICAL/ NUCLEAR METHOD:
Radioactive Tracer Spectrometry
Spectrometry/LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counter)
NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis)
Mosbauer
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3. TEKNIK ANALITIK NUKLIR
PENGUKURAN LANGSUNG
RADIOAKTIVITAS
(,  dan )
PENGUKURAN TIDAK LANGSUNG
METODE AKTIVASI
-LANGSUNG (prompt): PGNAA, PIXE
-KASEP (delayed): NAA, CPAA, PAA
-IBA: NRA, PIGE, RBS, PIXE
PENAMBAHAN PERUNUT RADIOAKTIF
P ENGGUNAAN SUMBER RADIASI
-ABSORPSI: Radiasi: ,  dan neutron
-ANALISIS HAMBURAN (scattering)
-PENDAR : PENDAR SINAR (XRF)
DATA RADIOAKTIVITAS
DATA KADAR UNSUR/LOGAM
Gambar 1: Skema teknik analisis nuklir (TAN)
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4. Keunggulan Analisis Aktivasi Neutron
-Jenis sampel padat, cair, gas -Tidak memerlukan perlakuan kimia -Tidak terkontaminasi -Analisis unsur serentak (Multiunsur) -Memiliki sensifitas & selektivitas tinggi -Mampu menganalisis unsur orde μg, ng -Dll
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5. KONSEP ANALISIS AKTIVASI NEUTRON (AAN) PGNAA NAA 13 Maret015

6. NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
For neutron induced reactions VC=0
It enters all nuclei and binds to it.
CN is in excited state.
PGAA
A+1X
NAA
A+1Y
Z+1
NEUTRON INTERACTION OFTEN PRODUCES RADIOISOTOPES : ENTIRE PERIODIC TABLE
CHARACTERISTIC RADIATIONS, e.g., GAMMA RAYS ARE MEASURED : CONCN. OF ISOTOPES (ELEMENTS)
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7. Although there are several types of neutron sources (reactors, accelerators, and radioisotopic neutron emitters) one can use for NAA, nuclear reactors with their high fluxes of neutrons from uranium fission offer the highest available sensitivities for most elements. Different types of reactors and different positions within a reactor can vary considerably with regard to their neutron energy distributions and fluxes due to the materials used to moderate (or reduce the energies of) the primary fission neutrons. However, as shown in Figure 2, most neutron energy distributions are quite broad and consist of three principal components (thermal, epithermal, and fast).
Neutrons
Figure 2: A typical reactor neutron energy spectrum showing the various components used to describe the neutron energy regions.
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8. The Kartini Facilities
TRIGA Mark II Reactor (100 kW)
Neutron Radiography (in experient)
Thermal Neutron Activation Analysis
Fast Neutron Activation Analysis (14 MeV in experient)
Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (in experient)
Spectroscopy (a, b, and g)
Radiation Handling Areas
Computational Capabilities : AccuSpec, Shampo,
Maestro and Genie software
Gamma Detector: NaI(Tl), HPGe, Ge(Li)
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9. Activation method delayed (AAN) REAKTOR KARTINI Spektrometer 
Sistem iradiasi dg rabit system/pneumatic
Activation method
delayed (AAN)
REAKTOR KARTINI
TRIGA MARK II, 100 kW
Spektrometer 
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10. TERAS REAKTOR KARTINI TIDAK BEROPERASI
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11. TERAS REAKTOR KARTINI SAAT BEROPERASI
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12. TOTAL ELEMENTS AMENABLE TO NAA > 70
FNAA S
Limit Deteksi dalam ppb (10-9)
CONV. NAA and PGNAA : DL ppb
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13. DEPENDS ON FLUX, DETECTION EFFICIENCY AND IRRADIATION TIME
DETECTION LIMITS
DEPENDS ON FLUX, DETECTION EFFICIENCY AND IRRADIATION TIME
ELEMENT
DETECTION LIMIT [g]
In, Eu, Dy
10-13 to 10-12
Mn, Lu
10-12 to 10-11
Co, Br, I, Sm, Ho, Hf, Re, Ir,
Au, Th, U
10-11 to 10-10
Na, Cl, Cu, Ga, Ge, Se, As, Pd
Sb, Te, Yb, Ta, W, Pt
10-10 to 10-9
K, Sc, Ni, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Ru, Cd Sn, Gd, Tb, Tm, Os, Hg
10-8 to 10-9
* CALCULATED USING A NEUTRON FLUX OF 1013n/SEC/Cm2 & A 20% RELATIVE EFFICIENCY DETECTOR
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14. Perbandingan Limit Deteksi berbagai Metode
METODE LIMIT DETESI
AAS – 10-9 g
AES – 10-7 g
FLAME EMISSION – 10-9 g
ANODIC STRIPP. VOLTAMETRY – 10-9 g
MASS SPECTROMETRY g
ICP-MS g
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – 10-7 g
XRF – 10-7 g
NAA – g
IBA – 10-9 g
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15. 14 MeV-NAA : FNAA (Fast Neutron)
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16. 14 MeV-NAA : FNAA
NEUTRON GENERATOR : Cockroft-Walton accelerator principle
NEUTRONS OF ~14 MeV FROM t(d,n) RXN
AVAILABLE FLUX: 109 n.cm-2.s-1 from a neutron yield of 2.5x1011 n.s-1
Threshold reactions:(n,p), (n,2n), (n,) etc.
Inelastic scattering rxns (n,n’): C, O and N
(200, 100 and ~20 mb respectively)
Determination of many elements including C, N and O possible
Important tool for detection of explosives (TNT, RDX etc.): high C, N, O
high N/O and/or C/O ratio
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17. 14 MeV-NAA : FNAA Element Nuclear Reaction Product Half-life
Gamma-ray (keV) O
16O (n, p) 16N
7.13 s
6130, 7120 N
14N (n, 2n) 13N
9.97 min
511 F
29F (n, p) 19O
30 s
197.4 Mg
24Mg (n, p) 24Na
15 h
1368.5 Si
28Si (n, p) 28Al
2.24 min
1779 P
31P (n, ) 28Al Fe
56Fe (n, p) 56Mn
2.58 h
847 Cu
63Cu (n, 2n) 62Cu
10 min Zn
64Zn (n, p) 64Cu
12.8 h Zr
90Zr (n, 2n) 89mZr
4.18 min
588 Th
Fission -
Delayed neutron U
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18. PROMPT GAMMA-RAY NAA: PGNAA
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19. It is complementary to conventional NAA
PGNAA is an online technique : Measurement of capture gamma rays after neutron absorption
It is complementary to conventional NAA
Analysis of low Z elements (H, B, C, N, Si, P,S): Best for H and B analysis
Determination of many elements including Hg, Cd, Sm & Gd
The k0-based PGNAA: Advantageous
PGAA WORK INVOLVED
SETTING UP OF A SYSTEM: DETECTION & SHIELDING
CHARACTERISATION OF THE NEUTRON BEAM
EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION (~ MeV)
DETERMINATION OF PROMPT k0-FACTORS
ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
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20. Ability to determine light elements (H,B,N,C,P,S,Si)
Some important features of PGNAA
Ability to determine light elements (H,B,N,C,P,S,Si)
Analysis of biological sample
Ability to determine toxic elements (Cd, Hg) with high sensitivity
Environmental samples
Nondestructive multielemental bulk analysis
Flexibility of sample size and shape
Archeological, geo- and cosmo- chemical samples
Isotopic analysis is possible (S,Si,Ni)
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21. Schematic representation of the PGNAA set up
Neutron beam line
Lead shield
Boron Carbide
HPGe detector
Beam Dump
Sample Holder
Schematic representation of the PGNAA set up
BGO shield
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22. WORK SETTING UP PGNAA SYSTEM CALIBRATION & CHARACTERISATION k0 FACTORS
BACKGROUND PROBLEMS
CAPTURE GAMMA RAYS IN 60Co
APPLICATIONS
A) ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES CONTAINING B,Cd,Gd,Hg
B) ANALYSIS OF A FEW CRMS
C) ANALYSIS OF METEORITES
D) ANALYSIS OF SS ALLOYS
JRNC 250 (2001) 303, NIMA 457 (2001) 180
NIM A 516(2004)143, ANAL CHIM ACTA ( COMM),
ANAL CHEM ( PREP)
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23. Elemental densities and ratios of three classes of substances
C/O
C/N
Cl/O
Plastics
M-H
H-L M
M-N VH -
Narcotics L
H, >3
Explosives
L-M
L, <1
L – Low, M – Medium, H – High, VH- Very high
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24. METODE
AAN
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25. NAA-Kay zero (in experient)
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26. R & D WORK ON NAA Collaborations NAA Development of Methodologies:
APPLICATIONS
Reference materials,
Ruby, Emerald, Sediment,
Leaf, Cereal, Mn-Nodules
Serpentines, Zircaloy, SS,
Aluminium, Meteorites
Collaborations
Chemical NAA,
Radiochemical NAA
Speciation NAA
NAA
Development of
Methodologies:
k0-BASED
INTERNAL MONO
STANDARD NAA
IN-SITU REL-EFFICIENCY
LSNAA
STANDARD-LESS NAA
k0-BASED NAA
SINGLE COMPARATOR: Au
DETMN: f ,  & k0
VALIDATION: CRMs
k0-BASED PGNAA
EFFICIENCY
k0-FACTORS
APPLICATIONS
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27. RADIOACTIVITY IN ENVIRONMENT
RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT
RADIOACTIVITY IN ENVIRONMENT
1. ESSENTIALLY NATURAL PROCESSES, e.g., RADON & DP
2. ANTHROPOGENIC : MINING, PROCESSING, REPROCESSING
DIAGNOSTIC, TESTING, ACCIDENTS
AS ON NOW FIRST IS MUCH MORE
RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS : , , 
LARGE SAMPLES OF SOIL, WATER;
AIR PARTICULATES COLLECTED ON FILTERS;
FOOD STUFFS
CHEMICAL PRECONCENTRATION
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28. Toxicity depends on species The five major species:
SPECIES OF ARSENIC
Toxicity depends on species
The five major species:
As(III), As(V), MMA, DMA and AsB
In natural water two major species: As(III) & As(V)
Drinking water limit (As): 10 ng.mL-1 (WHO)
ARSENIC SPECIES:
WATER SYSTEM
Standardized two chemical separation methods:
Ion exchange separation
Solvent extraction
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29. INORGANIC ARSENIC SPECIATION : Dowex 1X8 in acetate form
TOTAL ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER BY INAA:
ng.mL-1 in samples from Kolkata city
INORGANIC ARSENIC SPECIATION
: Dowex 1X8 in acetate form
As(III)+As(V)
IN 8M AcOH
0.12M HCl
As(V)
PERCENT RECOVERIES
OF ARSENIC SPECIES
QUANTITATIVE
(96-100%) IN BOTH ION EXCHANGE AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION METHODS
SOLV.EXT.: APDC-MIBK IN pH 1-5.5
As(V)
As(V)
As(III)
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30. TERIMA KASIH
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