1. Nationalism and the First World War
Carolyn P. Boyd
Professor Emerita of History
University of California Irvine

2. What is nationalism? Nationalism: two interpretations
“Constructed” vs. innate
Modern vs. primordial
The “nation” and nationalism: which comes first?
“Civic” vs. “ethnocultural”
Voluntary vs. involuntary
Inclusion vs. exclusion

3. What is nationalism? Political and social functions of nationalism
Integration and control: political, economic and social
The “imagined community”
Boundary maintenance
Who is a citizen?
“Us” vs. “them”

4. Nationalism and the origins of the First World War
Development of the “nation-state” in 19th century Europe
Economic integration
Political and administrative centralization
Democratization
Nationalization of the masses
Germany and Italy and the European balance of power

5. Europe in 1813

6. Europe 1850

7. Europe 1871

8. Europe 1913

9. International conflict, Pre-1914
Wars of national unification
Imperial expansion and rivalries
Nationalist movements in old empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, British)
Nationalization of the masses, “jingoism”

10. Wars and Alliances Pre 1914 Wars, Conflicts, and Crises, 1859-1913
War of Italian Liberation, 1859
Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Franco-Prussian War,
Russo-Turkish War,
Fashoda, 1894
Sino-Japanese War, 1895
Spanish-American War, 1898
Boer War, 1902
Russo-Japanese War, 1904
Moroccan Crises of 1905, 1911
Balkan Crises and Wars, , , 1913

11. Imperial Rivalries Colonial Empires 1914

12. Colonial Africa 1920

13. The Ottoman Empire

14. Balkans

15. Ethnic Groups in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1910

16. The Search for Stability, 1871-1914
The Alliance System
Three Emperors’ League, 1872 (Germany, A-H, Russia)
Triple Alliance, 1882 (Germany, A-H, Italy)
Franco-Russian Dual Alliance, 1894
Entente Cordiale, 1904, 1907 (France, Russia, Great Britain)

17. Military Alliances on the Eve of the Great War

18. Nationalization, militarism, and militarization in Europe before 1914
War or peace?
Debates on ideological and economic grounds
General F. von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War (1911)
Preparations for war
Expansion of armies and navies
Universal conscription
Erosion of civil supremacy (militarism)
Strategic doctrine: the triumph of the offensive
Militarization of society and culture

19. The Outbreak of War, 1914 The Third Balkan War
The weakness of Austria-Hungary
The imperatives of military planning and the alliance system
Popular enthusiasm for war

20. Franz Ferdinand

21. Gavrilo Princip

22. Nationalism and the War Effort
Mobilization of soldiers and civilians (the “home front”)
Justifying the sacrifices of war
Defense of the “homeland”
Demonization of the enemy

23. Nationalism and mobilization

24. Nationalism and mobilization

25. Patriotic idealization of the “homeland”

26. Patriotic idealization of the homeland

27. Patriotic idealization

28. “Us vs. them:” Demonization of the enemy

29. “Us vs. them:” Demonization of the enemy

30. Nationalism and the Post-War Settlement
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
The Peace of Paris and the “Twenty Year Truce”

31. Wilson’s Fourteen Points -Synopsis
1. Open covenants, openly arrived at
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Free trade
4. Arms reduction consistent with domestic security
5. Adjustment of colonial claims, taking into account interests of the populations concerned
6. Evacuation of Russian territory; independent determination of its own political development
7. Evacuation of Belgium and restoration of its sovereignty
8. Evacuation of French territory and restoration of Alsace-Lorraine
9. Readjustment of Italian frontiers along lines of nationality
10. Autonomous development of peoples of Austria-Hungary; preservation of Empire
11. International settlement of Balkan conflicts; Serbian access to sea
12. Autonomous development of peoples under Turkish rule; free passage through Dardanelles
13. Independent Polish state, with access to sea
14. League of Nations