1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Chapter 16
Solids, Liquids, and Gases

2. Anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space

3. 4 States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Each is designated by the energy, movement, and behavior of the particles

4. Kinetic Theory An explanation of how particles in matter behave
All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions)
These particles are in constant, random motion
These particles are colliding with each other and the sides of their container

5. Solid State Energy Movement Particle Spacing Volume/Shape
Very little energy
Movement
Vibrate against each other, but don’t move around much
Particle Spacing
Very little space between particles, packed closely together
Volume/Shape
Definite volume and definite shape
Particles have a specific type of geometric arrangement that they form in when cooled
Determined by chemical and physical properties of solids

6. Liquid State Energy More Energy than solids Movement
Flow around each other
Particle Spacing
Particles have space between them
Volume/Shape
Definite volume but NO definite shape

7. Gas State Energy Tons of Energy! Movement Flow around past each other
Particle Spacing
Particles are far apart
Volume/Shape
No definite volume and no definite shape

8. Plasma State Plasma – An electrically charged gas
Created at very high temperatures (like on the sun) (collisions between particles result in the electrons being stripped from the atom)
Most common state of matter in the universe (not Earth)
Found on stars
Found in lightning bolts, neon, fluorescent light tubes

9. Diffusion
Diffusion – the spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed
Occurs in solids and liquids, but most rapidly in gases
Ex. Spray air freshener, dye in water

10. Changes in State
ENERGY of the particles influences the state of matter
Temperature is something we can easily measure instead of Energy
Increased Energy
Molecules move faster and spread out
Temperature increases
Decreased Energy
Molecules move slower and are closer together
Temperature decreases

12. Phase changes
Due to changing in the movement (Energy) of the particles
Solid to Liquid and Back
Freezing Point
Point at which liquid becomes solid
Melting Point
Point at which solids become liquid

13. Phase Changes Liquid to Gas and Back
Boiling Point – Point at which liquid becomes gas
AKA: vaporization
2 types of vaporization
Evaporation – occurs at the liquid’s surface and even at a temp. below the liquids boiling point
Boiling – occurs through a liquid at a specific temperature
Condensation – gas changes to liquid
Ex: Mirror fogging up

14. Phase Changes
Heat of fusion – The amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point
Heat of vaporization – the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

15. Thermal Expansion
An increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased
Kinetic Theory – particles move faster and separate as the temperature rises -> causes expansion of the entire object

16. Water Exception to thermal expansion
Have highly charged areas that affect the behavior
b/c the molecules orient themselves according to charge, empty spaces occur, so water expands when going from a liquid to a solid