1. The Scientific Impact of Italy Giuseppe De Nicolao – Università di Pavia 23 Settembre 2010

2. “The Shanghai Institute of Education has recently published a list of the top 500 world universities. The order is based on the number of Nobel laureates from 1911 to 2002, highly cited researchers, articles published in Science and Nature, the number of papers published and an average of these four criteria compared with the number of full-time faculty members in each institution. I believe none of these criteria are as reliable as citations.” D. A. King, “The scientific impact of nations - What different countries get for their research spending”, Nature, vol. 430|15, July 2004, www.nature.com/naturewww.nature.com/nature Assessing scientific impact of nations

3. Goals of the presentation 1.Assess the scientific impact of Italy as measured by citations 1.Assess research efficiency by input-output analysis o input = research spending o output = scientific impact

4. Data Citations 2008 o Cumulative cites of scientific documents published in 2008: 15 best countries are considered o Source: SCImago (powered by SCOPUS) http://www.scimagojr.com http://www.scimagojr.com Gross Domestic Product (GDP’06) Research & Development expenditure (R&D’06) o Currency unit: million dollars (M$) (Purchasing-Power-Parity adjusted) o Source: World Bank http://data.worldbank.org http://data.worldbank.org

5. What is the scientific impact of countries?

7. Italy’s Citation Rankings ‘08 (SCImago/SCOPUS)

8. What is the wealth of countries?

10. How much do countries spend in R&D?

12. How much do countries spend relative to their GDP? R&D intensity = R&D/GDP

14. Comments Compared to expenditure, Italy’s scientific impact is good: o R&D intensity ranks #15 o Absolute R&D expenditure ranks #9 o Citations rank #8 (scientific impact) Five excellence areas that rank #5 or #6 Next: let’s assess efficiency …

15. Efficiency assessment Fact: cited papers are mostly written by academic researchers Gagliarducci, Ichino, Peri, Perotti (2005) http://www2.dse.unibo.it/ichino/gipp_declino_18.pdf http://www2.dse.unibo.it/ichino/gipp_declino_18.pdf Business R&D expenditure has other goals: technical innovation, patents, new products, … Relevant expenditure to be considered: Higher-education Expenditure in R&D (HERD‘06) Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2009/2

16. How much do countries spend in academic R&D?

18. What do countries get for their academic research spending ? Academic research efficiency = cites/HERD

20. Is Italy’s research inefficient? Italy’s Gross Expenditure in R&D (GERD) ranks #9 Italy’s Higher-education Expenditure in R&D (HERD) ranks #8 The ranking of Italy’s citations (#8) is equal the ranking of academic research spending (#8) you get what you spend for Italy’s academic research efficiency ranks #9 and is average among 15 most research-oriented countries. In particular, Italy is more efficient than Germany, France, USA, Canada, Korea and, Japan

21. Technical remarks To account for the delay of scientific results with respect to funding, the analysis considered 2006 expenditure (input) against 2008 citations (output) The rankings of Italy are rather insensitive to the following changes: o #papers in place of #cites as impact criterion (#8 in both cases) o removing purchasing-power-parity adjustment o different citations years (ranking of Italy’s impact remains stable) o different spending years (Italy’s R&D intensity remains stable)

22. What about university education? From OECD “Education at a glance 2010” : 1.Expenditure for university education as %GDP 1.Average expenditure per student throughout the course of tertiary studies. The figures account for all students for whom expenditure is incurred, including those who do not finish their studies.

23. How much do countries spend in university education relative to their wealth?

24. Expenditure for university education as %GDP’07

25. How much do countries spend in university education per student?

26. Average expenditure per student throughout the course of university studies

27. Comments Italy’s expenditure for university education as %GDP ranks #30 among 33 considered countries. It is clearly inadequate: only Slovak Republic, Hungary and Brazil do worse With a -19% budget reduction, Italy will fight for last position Italy’s average expenditure per student throughout the course of university studies ranks #16 among 24 considered countries: in particular, we invest less than our main competitors (Sweden, NL, Switzerland, UK, Germany, Japan, Spain, Australia, France, Belgium,...)