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Microbiology
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Bacteria 1. How many cells? 2. Type of organism? 3. Nucleus?
4. Membrane bound organelles? 5. What kingdom are they in? Unicellular No Prokaryotic No Monera
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What does bacteria look like?
Coccus (sphere) Bacillus (rod) Spirillum (spiral)
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How do bacteria get their energy?
Autotrophic Photosynthesis (use suns energy) Chemosynthesis (use chemical energy)
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Heterotrophic Saprophytic: obtain food from dead organisms Parasites: live off of living organism; damage that organism Mutualism: Bacteria and living organism benefit (Ex: E. coli- intestinal bacteria)
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Respiration Aerobic: Live in presence of oxygen
Anaerobic: Live in absence of oxygen
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Movement Flagella: Acts like a motor to propel bacteria forward
Slime layer: Secrete slime and “slide” along the slime (similar to a slug)
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Reproduction Binary fission: asexual; divide in two
Conjugation: share DNA between two bacterium Endospores: Survive in extreme conditions (temp, drought, flood, radiation)
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Bacteria are helpful Nitrogen fixation, food preparation, decay Bacteria are harmful Disease, spoiled food
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Nitrogen Fixation Symbiotic (mutualism) relationship between bacteria and plants. Bacteria get food from plants, plants get nitrates from bacteria
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Food Preparation Bacteria are used in the production of many foods such as buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, vinegar, and sauerkraut.
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Decay: some bacteria are decomposers
Breakdown dead organisms sewage, waste in landfills (help recycle materials back into soil)
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Other Benefits Antibiotic production
E. coli in human intestines (make vitamin K, essential amino acids, digestion of some sugars) Genetic engineering Cellulose digestion (symbiotic relationship with grazers)
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Disease Most infections are caused by bacteria
Gangrene, tuberculosis, leprosy, strep throat, pneumonia, syphilis, typhus
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Spoiled Food Food poisoning is caused by bacteria Botulism Salmonella
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Viruses
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Structure Protein coat surrounds a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
# of genes: few to over a hundred
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Reproduction Must have a host cell Cannot reproduce on its own
Two ways to reproduce Lytic cycle Lysogenic Cycle
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Lytic Cycle Attachment of virus to host cell Inject DNA into host cell
Replicate DNA Assemble new virus particles Lyse (kills host cell)
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Lysogenic Cycle Attachment of virus to host cell
Inject DNA into host cell Viral DNA becomes part of host cell (prophage) Dormant, host cell reproduces Activation and lyse
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Diseases caused by Viruses
HIV Influenza (flu) Common Cold
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