1. AS revision
Unit F211

2. Define ‘organelle’
What is ‘resolution’
List 4 differences between a light microscope and an electron microscope
List the 3 steps in determining magnification from a scale bar
How many micrometres in a millimetre?
22mm = _______ μm
List 3 functions of membrane proteins

3. What does ‘hydrophilic’ mean?
Distinguish between ‘endocytosis’ and ‘exocytosis’
One route for vesicles in a cell is from the ________ to the __________ and then to the plasma membrane
What is the key difference between ‘phagocytosis’ and ‘pinocytosis’
Distinguish between ‘mitosis’ and ‘cytokinesis’
State 3 processes in plants and/or animals that require mitosis

4. List the stages of mitosis in order & complete the table:
Key points
Drawing
Stage
1. Supercoiling of DNA 2. 3.
prophase 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.

5. Complete the shaded boxes….
Structure
Function
nucleus
Site of protein synthesis
Stores hydrolyzing [digestive] enzymes.
Golgi apparatus
Transport & packing into vesicles of synthesised proteins
mitochondrion

6. Complete the shaded boxes….
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
With the concentration gradient
Transports water
Requires a membrane

7. Complete the shaded boxes….
Feature
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
DNA
Enclosed in an envelope or not?
Naked
Circular or linear?
mitochondria
Present or absent?
Size of ribosomes

8. Self quiz 1 c b d a c a d b d a d b a c c a b

10. Which is the odd one out? metaphase anaphase prophase interphase
telophase
WHY?

11. Which is the odd one out? early anaphase cytokinesis early prophase
late prophase
telophase
WHY?

12. Which is the odd one out? mitochondria Golgi apparatus centrioles
nucleus
nucleolus
WHY?

13. I A H B G C D E F

15. Sketch and label the position of the mesophyll and vascular tissues.
Do not draw individual cells.

33. Study the following passage:
It has been possible to develop artificial urinary bladders by growing the different types of differentiated cells that make up a bladder in tissue culture. When large populations of the different cell types have been produced, they are placed on a framework of collagen fibres and develop into a functioning bladder, which can be connected in place of a damaged or defective bladder.
An artificial heart cannot be produced in this way because heart muscle cells rarely, if ever, divide, either in the heart itself or in tissue culture. Much research is taking place so that stem cells can be successfully transferred from culture into a damaged heart. In animal models, the stem cells have been shown to divide and differentiate into new heart muscle cells and new blood vessels. Stem cells for this procedure have been obtained from bone marrow or from an embryo.

34. Study the following passage:
It has been possible to develop artificial urinary bladders by growing the different types of differentiated cells that make up a bladder in tissue culture. When large populations of the different cell types have been produced, they are placed on a framework of collagen fibres and develop into a functioning bladder, which can be connected in place of a damaged or defective bladder.
An artificial heart cannot be produced in this way because heart muscle cells rarely, if ever, divide, either in the heart itself or in tissue culture. Much research is taking place so that stem cells can be successfully transferred from culture into a damaged heart. In animal models, the stem cells have been shown to divide and differentiate into new heart muscle cells and new blood vessels. Stem cells for this procedure have been obtained from bone marrow or from an embryo.
a) How does the passage show that the urinary bladder is an organ? [1]

35. Study the following passage:
It has been possible to develop artificial urinary bladders by growing the different types of differentiated cells that make up a bladder in tissue culture. When large populations of the different cell types have been produced, they are placed on a framework of collagen fibres and develop into a functioning bladder, which can be connected in place of a damaged or defective bladder.
An artificial heart cannot be produced in this way because heart muscle cells rarely, if ever, divide, either in the heart itself or in tissue culture. Much research is taking place so that stem cells can be successfully transferred from culture into a damaged heart. In animal models, the stem cells have been shown to divide and differentiate into new heart muscle cells and new blood vessels. Stem cells for this procedure have been obtained from bone marrow or from an embryo.
b) Explain the difference between a stem cell and a differentiated cell [5]

36. Study the following passage:
It has been possible to develop artificial urinary bladders by growing the different types of differentiated cells that make up a bladder in tissue culture. When large populations of the different cell types have been produced, they are placed on a framework of collagen fibres and develop into a functioning bladder, which can be connected in place of a damaged or defective bladder.
An artificial heart cannot be produced in this way because heart muscle cells rarely, if ever, divide, either in the heart itself or in tissue culture. Much research is taking place so that stem cells can be successfully transferred from culture into a damaged heart. In animal models, the stem cells have been shown to divide and differentiate into new heart muscle cells and new blood vessels. Stem cells for this procedure have been obtained from bone marrow or from an embryo.
c) Name two types of cell that are formed from stem cells in bone marrow [2]

37. Study the following passage:
It has been possible to develop artificial urinary bladders by growing the different types of differentiated cells that make up a bladder in tissue culture. When large populations of the different cell types have been produced, they are placed on a framework of collagen fibres and develop into a functioning bladder, which can be connected in place of a damaged or defective bladder.
An artificial heart cannot be produced in this way because heart muscle cells rarely, if ever, divide, either in the heart itself or in tissue culture. Much research is taking place so that stem cells can be successfully transferred from culture into a damaged heart. In animal models, the stem cells have been shown to divide and differentiate into new heart muscle cells and new blood vessels. Stem cells for this procedure have been obtained from bone marrow or from an embryo.
d) Suggest some problems that must be overcome for stem cell therapy to become an established medical procedure for treating humans [3]

38. Study the following passage:
It has been possible to develop artificial urinary bladders by growing the different types of differentiated cells that make up a bladder in tissue culture. When large populations of the different cell types have been produced, they are placed on a framework of collagen fibres and develop into a functioning bladder, which can be connected in place of a damaged or defective bladder.
An artificial heart cannot be produced in this way because heart muscle cells rarely, if ever, divide, either in the heart itself or in tissue culture. Much research is taking place so that stem cells can be successfully transferred from culture into a damaged heart. In animal models, the stem cells have been shown to divide and differentiate into new heart muscle cells and new blood vessels. Stem cells for this procedure have been obtained from bone marrow or from an embryo.
e) State the name given to cells in a plant body that have a function similar to stem cells in a mammalian body [1]

39. Name, and calculate the actual size of these organelles:
A plant cell is 40μm in length. How long is its image when magnified x3000?
An animal cell is 60mm long when viewed at x What is the cell’s actual length?
Name, and calculate the actual size of these organelles:
x5000
x18500
Line measures 25mm
Line measures 56mm

40. Explain, using examples from animals and plants, how cells rely on each other for their survival
Explain the meaning of the term division of labour

41. iron
four
Bohr effect
carbonic
anhydrase
haemoglobinic acid

42. dry
reduce
waxy
water vapour
stomata