1. Cause and Effect Monica Perez, Molina Hauv, Jaela Williams, Mikayla Souza

2. What is cause and effect? o_0 Causes that lead to a certain effect writing that seeks to explain the causes for change and new developments

3. Why do we use it? To inform and educate To provide the basis for an argument To persuade audience to approve/disapprove of something

4. Methods of Cause and Effect Focus on two unrelated topics and look for a cause-and- effect connection between them - Back it up with strong argument Look at an effect and try to explain what brought it about Primarily Speculative: type of writing where the author theorizes about what causes an event or the consequences of what certain actions may be -EX: Drugs, Sports, Body Image and G.I.Joe, Natalie Angier

5. Identifying Cause and Effect Cause why something happened Effect what happened Usually there is multiple causes or effects * Sometimes cause and effect will be easy to identify because of these phrases, but other times it’ll be harder to identify it.

6. *Don’t Get Confused* Comparison & Contrast : analyzing information to reveal insight into the nature of the information being analyzed -Discusses how things are different and the relationship between them Process Analysis: explains how something works Cause & Effect : analyzing causes that lead to a particular effect or, vice versa, the effects that result from a powerful cause - Discusses why things are different and what the cause/effect of the relationship is Cause & Effect: explains what caused something to work the way it does

7. Do You Really Understand Cause and Effect? More young people became politically active as use of the Internet spread throughout society. Cause? Effect? use of the Internet spread throughout society more young people became politically active

8. Example “I remember picking up my father’s books before I could read. The words themselves were mostly foreign, but I still remember the exact moment when I first understood, with a sudden clarity, the purpose of a paragraph. I didn’t have the vocabulary to say “paragraph,” but I realized that a paragraph was a fence that held words. The words inside a paragraph worked together for a common purpose. They had some specific reason for being inside the same fence. This knowledge delighted me. I began to think of everything in terms of paragraphs. Inside our house, each family member existed as a separate paragraph but still had genetics and common experiences to link us. Now, using this logic, I can see my changed family as an essay of seven paragraphs: mother, father, older brother, the deceased sister, my younger twin sisters and our adopted little brother.” - Superman and Me, Sherman Alexie

9. Analysis “I remember picking up my father’s books before I could read. The words themselves were mostly foreign, but I still remember the exact moment when I first understood, with a sudden clarity, the purpose of a paragraph. I didn’t have the vocabulary to say “paragraph,” but I realized that a paragraph was a fence that held words. The words inside a paragraph worked together for a common purpose. They had some specific reason for being inside the same fence. This knowledge delighted me. I began to think of everything in terms of paragraphs. Inside our house, each family member existed as a separate paragraph but still had genetics and common experiences to link us. Now, using this logic, I can see my changed family as an essay of seven paragraphs: mother, father, older brother, the deceased sister, my younger twin sisters and our adopted little brother.” - Superman and Me, Sherman Alexie Cause- Author picks up his father’s books and looks at them Multiple effects- Has a definite understanding of a paragraph, matured/ enhanced his thinking, applying learning to his family

10. Example “In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities… Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers… Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting, than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.”

11. Analysis “In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities… Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers… Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting, than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.” **Notice also how the topic sentence is followed by the "focusing" or "prediction" sentence, There are several reasons for this. Function: help the reader anticipate the organization of the paragraph or essay EFFECTCAUSES Cities have grown very large. Factory jobs attracted people. Cities have grown very large. Better schools attracted families to move to the city. Cities have grown very large. Places of leisure, entertainment, and culture made city life appear more interesting.

12. “Drugs, Sports, Body Image and G.I Joe” Precis 1. In “Drugs, Sports, Body Image and G.I Joe” (1998), Natalie Angier concludes that over the years, the morphology of the classic American dolls ‘G.I Joe’ and ‘Barbie’ have caused our society to accept drug use and body enhancements as the only solution to gain that “perfect image.” 2. Angier supports this idea by describing that the cause of this facade is the “cut image” of the G.I Joe dolls and then goes on to show that the effect is men striving for the unrealistic masculinity only attainable with the use of steroids.

13. 3. She illuminates these effects in order to prevent men from continually using drugs to polish their appearance which can be achieved through exercise rather than enhancements. 4. Although in the beginning of the excerpt Angier discusses the aspects of women’s ideal physical appearance, she is mostly addressing men by delving into how the male population is influenced by the features of the G.I. Joe doll that portrays the impractical image of masculinity.

14. Tips for your essay Don’t overemphasize your case Don’t oversimplify cause and effect relationship Don’t mistake a simple coincidence or sequence for an example of a cause and effect relationship You can explain a cause then the effects or vice versa