1. Topic 2 - Applications of AI St Kentigerns Academy Unit 2 – Artificial Intelligence

2. Artificial Neural Network/System A neural network is an electronic model of the brain consisting of many interconnected simple processors. A neural network is an electronic model of the brain consisting of many interconnected simple processors.

3. Artificial Neural Network/System Neural networks take a different approach from conventional programming. Neural networks are designed to try and do things that we dont exactly know how to do. Neural networks take a different approach from conventional programming. Neural networks are designed to try and do things that we dont exactly know how to do.

4. Artificial Neural Network/System The brain consists of millions of interconnected records. The brain consists of millions of interconnected records. An ANS consists of hundreds of interconnected artificial neurons, so it is based on the same model as the brain. An ANS consists of hundreds of interconnected artificial neurons, so it is based on the same model as the brain.

5. Artificial Neural Network/System Applications of ANS Applications of ANS Debt risk assessment Debt risk assessment Loan granting is one area in which neural networks can aid humans, as it is not based on predetermined criteria, but instead the answers are vague.Loan granting is one area in which neural networks can aid humans, as it is not based on predetermined criteria, but instead the answers are vague. The process works by analysing past failures and making decisions based upon past experience.The process works by analysing past failures and making decisions based upon past experience.

6. Artificial Neural Network/System Applications of ANS Applications of ANS Stock Market Prediction Stock Market Prediction Neural systems have been touted as all powerful tools in stock market prediction.Neural systems have been touted as all powerful tools in stock market prediction. The program tries to anticipate the market by interpreting external parameters such as economic indicators and public opinion.The program tries to anticipate the market by interpreting external parameters such as economic indicators and public opinion.

7. Artificial Neural Network/System Applications of ANS Applications of ANS Postal Services Postal Services Character recognition is applied to handwritten documents and is used to help post offices automate the sorting of mail.Character recognition is applied to handwritten documents and is used to help post offices automate the sorting of mail.

8. Artificial Neural Network/System Advantages Advantages They learn and adjust to changes in circumstances. They learn and adjust to changes in circumstances. Disadvantages Disadvantages The neural system need to be trained which is very time consuming. The neural system need to be trained which is very time consuming.

9. Vision Systems This is the machines ability to make sense of visual input. This is the machines ability to make sense of visual input. A camera sends its image to a computer A camera sends its image to a computer The computer compares the images of items with a learned image of an ideal item of the same type. The computer compares the images of items with a learned image of an ideal item of the same type. Some vision systems use an ANS to help with image interpretation. Some vision systems use an ANS to help with image interpretation.

10. Vision Systems Applications of Vision Systems Applications of Vision Systems Industrial Industrial Vision systems are used to check items on production linesVision systems are used to check items on production lines Military Military Target recognition is a military application which uses image data to determine if an enemy target is present.Target recognition is a military application which uses image data to determine if an enemy target is present. Satellite Photo Interpretation Satellite Photo Interpretation Satellites collect an enormous amount of data which would normally take researchers ages to analyse and interpret. Using a vision system with a neural network speeds up the task.Satellites collect an enormous amount of data which would normally take researchers ages to analyse and interpret. Using a vision system with a neural network speeds up the task.

11. Speech recognition These systems allow the user to communicate with the computer by talking to it. These systems allow the user to communicate with the computer by talking to it.

12. Speech recognition The characteristics of speech recognition are: The characteristics of speech recognition are: Training for each voice pattern; Training for each voice pattern; Control instructions; Control instructions; Background noise; Background noise; Factors affecting accuracy. Factors affecting accuracy.

13. Speech recognition Training Training However, before using the system you must first go through the process of training it. However, before using the system you must first go through the process of training it. This consists of reading pre-defined text into the computer.This consists of reading pre-defined text into the computer. The computer samples you voice and matches it to sounds which are common in all words.The computer samples you voice and matches it to sounds which are common in all words.

14. Speech recognition Training Training When training a speech recognition package you should take the following into account: When training a speech recognition package you should take the following into account: Speak in a consistent, level tone;Speak in a consistent, level tone; Use a consistent rate, without speeding up;Use a consistent rate, without speeding up; Speak without pausing between words;Speak without pausing between words; Work in a quiet environment;Work in a quiet environment; Pronounce words clearly.Pronounce words clearly.

15. Speech recognition Control Instructions Control Instructions As well as allowing a user to speak into a system and it converting the sound to text, systems also allow a user to speak commands. As well as allowing a user to speak into a system and it converting the sound to text, systems also allow a user to speak commands. This is seen as a different form of HCI as it is possible to control the computer without using a keyboard or a mouse. The user can switch from dictation mode to command mode easily when working on a document. This is seen as a different form of HCI as it is possible to control the computer without using a keyboard or a mouse. The user can switch from dictation mode to command mode easily when working on a document.

16. Speech recognition Background Noise Background Noise A change in the background noise will affect the accuracy of the system. A change in the background noise will affect the accuracy of the system. A system that is trained in an empty quiet room will make mistakes if taken and used in a room with background noise, e.g. a room full of computers will make a buzzing noise that a system will pick up on. A system that is trained in an empty quiet room will make mistakes if taken and used in a room with background noise, e.g. a room full of computers will make a buzzing noise that a system will pick up on.

17. Speech recognition Factors Affecting Accuracy Factors Affecting Accuracy These include: These include: Background noise;Background noise; The user having a cold/sore throat;The user having a cold/sore throat; The users accent/dialect;The users accent/dialect;

18. Speech recognition Applications of Speech recognition Applications of Speech recognition Word processing Word processing The user speaks the words and they are converted into text and put in a WP document;The user speaks the words and they are converted into text and put in a WP document; Punctuation Commands Punctuation Commands As another form of HCI to input commands to the computer;As another form of HCI to input commands to the computer; Disabled Users Disabled Users For users who are unable to use their hands;For users who are unable to use their hands;

19. Speech recognition Applications of Speech recognition Applications of Speech recognition Cars Cars Some cars let you control mobile phones/music via speech recognition.Some cars let you control mobile phones/music via speech recognition. Military Military Used in training simulators where a speech interface can simulate multiple remote operators;Used in training simulators where a speech interface can simulate multiple remote operators; Mobile Phones Mobile Phones Rather than trying to type using the small keyboard you can tell the phone who to call.Rather than trying to type using the small keyboard you can tell the phone who to call.

20. handwriting recognition The user writes on the touch-screen using a stylus pen and the writing is turned into text and displayed on the screen. The user writes on the touch-screen using a stylus pen and the writing is turned into text and displayed on the screen. Early systems (and still some today) required the user to enter letters and numbers so that they can be stored and matched against any future input. Early systems (and still some today) required the user to enter letters and numbers so that they can be stored and matched against any future input. Current systems train the user to write in a specific way, this means that more users can use the system as it is not programmed to one persons handwriting. Current systems train the user to write in a specific way, this means that more users can use the system as it is not programmed to one persons handwriting.

21. handwriting recognition Applications Applications Palmtops and Tablet PCs Palmtops and Tablet PCs Both of these are small devices and by having handwriting recognition available via the touch- screen, there is no need to use up space with a keyboard.Both of these are small devices and by having handwriting recognition available via the touch- screen, there is no need to use up space with a keyboard.

22. Intelligent Robots Robots are automatic electro-mechanical machines. Robots are automatic electro-mechanical machines. Some are not fully automatic but are remotely controlled by humans using TV and other feedback. Some are not fully automatic but are remotely controlled by humans using TV and other feedback. The term intelligent robot has been coined to differentiate robots equipped with vision systems, ANS, the ability to learn or some other aspect of AI. The term intelligent robot has been coined to differentiate robots equipped with vision systems, ANS, the ability to learn or some other aspect of AI. A dumb robot has no controlling processor and it merely repeats the same movements again and again. A dumb robot has no controlling processor and it merely repeats the same movements again and again.

23. Intelligent Robots Advantages of Intelligent Robots Advantages of Intelligent Robots Increased productivity Increased productivity Robots do not require breaksRobots do not require breaks Improved accuracy Improved accuracy More accurate than humansMore accurate than humans Consistency Consistency They dont get tired like humansThey dont get tired like humans Reduced Wage Bill Reduced Wage Bill Fewer staff employed with no wagesFewer staff employed with no wages

24. Intelligent Robots Advantages of Intelligent Robots Advantages of Intelligent Robots Increased productivity Increased productivity Robots do not require breaksRobots do not require breaks Improved accuracy Improved accuracy More accurate than humansMore accurate than humans Consistency Consistency They dont get tired like humansThey dont get tired like humans Reduced Wage Bill Reduced Wage Bill Fewer staff employed with no wagesFewer staff employed with no wages Hostile Environment Hostile Environment Can go to dangerous places where humans cantCan go to dangerous places where humans cant

25. Intelligent Robots Sensors Sensors These allow the robot to be aware of their surroundings These allow the robot to be aware of their surroundings Bumb Sensors Bumb Sensors When the robot touches an item it knows;When the robot touches an item it knows; Proximity Sensor Proximity Sensor The robot knows when it is near somethingThe robot knows when it is near something Light Sensor Light Sensor Can tell the differences in lightCan tell the differences in light Temperature sensors Temperature sensors The robot can tell if the temperature has changedThe robot can tell if the temperature has changed

26. Intelligent Robots Applications Applications Automated Delivery Automated Delivery Large companies employ a team of staff to deliver internal mail each day. Robots are now being used to automate the process.Large companies employ a team of staff to deliver internal mail each day. Robots are now being used to automate the process. Pipe Inspection Pipe Inspection Robots are proving useful for routine pipe inspection in manufacturing and processing plants. Their ability to reach inaccessible areas makes them useful.Robots are proving useful for routine pipe inspection in manufacturing and processing plants. Their ability to reach inaccessible areas makes them useful. Bomb Disposal Bomb Disposal Robots for this purpose are available in many communities and are used routinely by law enforcement. Their objective is to separate personnel from danger as they seek out and detonate explosives.Robots for this purpose are available in many communities and are used routinely by law enforcement. Their objective is to separate personnel from danger as they seek out and detonate explosives. Exploration of unknown environments Exploration of unknown environments A robot which is being sent to another planet must have independent decision making capabilities.A robot which is being sent to another planet must have independent decision making capabilities.

27. Expert Systems Expert systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge which is appropriate. Expert systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge which is appropriate. Instead of attempting to create an intelligent program, research focused on creating a means of representing and accessing knowledge. Instead of attempting to create an intelligent program, research focused on creating a means of representing and accessing knowledge.

28. Expert Systems Expert systems are computer programs which could offer advice in a restricted subject where it was possible to create facts and rules representing knowledge. Expert systems are computer programs which could offer advice in a restricted subject where it was possible to create facts and rules representing knowledge. An expert system is an attempt to replace the human expert and to make their knowledge available in a cost-effective form. An expert system is an attempt to replace the human expert and to make their knowledge available in a cost-effective form.

29. Expert Systems Advantages of Expert Systems Advantages of Expert Systems More available than a human expert More available than a human expert In a remote area an expert may not be available. The expert system could be available 24/7 and consulted at any time.In a remote area an expert may not be available. The expert system could be available 24/7 and consulted at any time. Dont have to pay the system wages Dont have to pay the system wages Human experts can command large fees for their services, but once an expert system is set up the company wage bill can be reduced by employing fewer people.Human experts can command large fees for their services, but once an expert system is set up the company wage bill can be reduced by employing fewer people.

30. Expert Systems Advantages of Expert Systems Advantages of Expert Systems They have the combined knowledge from more than 1 human expert They have the combined knowledge from more than 1 human expert A single human has only his knowledge. An expert system can contain the combined knowledge of many experts in the field.A single human has only his knowledge. An expert system can contain the combined knowledge of many experts in the field. They are more reliable. They are more reliable. Humans are prone to error. Expert systems have a restricted domain and are only aware to the task for which they were designed and are not prone to interference from external factors. This makes them more reliable.Humans are prone to error. Expert systems have a restricted domain and are only aware to the task for which they were designed and are not prone to interference from external factors. This makes them more reliable.

31. Expert Systems Applications Applications Medicine Medicine MYCIN was the first expert system which gave advice to doctors on blood disease.MYCIN was the first expert system which gave advice to doctors on blood disease. DHSS DHSS An expert system advices on the benefits due depending on circumstances.An expert system advices on the benefits due depending on circumstances. Legal Legal Solicitors can check that they are giving the right advice to a clientSolicitors can check that they are giving the right advice to a client British Gas British Gas Has an expert system which is used to calculate the most likely place where corrosion will occur in a gas pipe.Has an expert system which is used to calculate the most likely place where corrosion will occur in a gas pipe.

32. Expert Systems Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Effects on employment Effects on employment Many fear that using AI in industry will mean a decrease in jobs and with good reason. On-line shopping means fewer sales clerks.Many fear that using AI in industry will mean a decrease in jobs and with good reason. On-line shopping means fewer sales clerks. However, we need expert systems because of the lack of experts.However, we need expert systems because of the lack of experts. And remember, an expert system should only be used as advice. Therefore a human needs to query the expert system to obtain the knowledge. This means that there are training implications.And remember, an expert system should only be used as advice. Therefore a human needs to query the expert system to obtain the knowledge. This means that there are training implications.

33. Expert Systems Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Training Issues Training Issues Staff will need to be trained to use the new system.Staff will need to be trained to use the new system. Some staff will be resistant to change and worried about job losses. Staff need to be reassured that an expert system will help them and that they will be give all the training they need in order to do their job.Some staff will be resistant to change and worried about job losses. Staff need to be reassured that an expert system will help them and that they will be give all the training they need in order to do their job.

34. Expert Systems Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Public Reactions Public Reactions An example: if you had to go to the doctor for a serious consultation, would you prefer to see a human or a robot?An example: if you had to go to the doctor for a serious consultation, would you prefer to see a human or a robot? Most people would not like to think that important decisions are being made for them by a computer program.Most people would not like to think that important decisions are being made for them by a computer program.

35. Expert Systems Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Loss of Human Expertise Loss of Human Expertise There is a fear from experts that if they give their knowledge to a program then they will be no longer needed.There is a fear from experts that if they give their knowledge to a program then they will be no longer needed. This is not the case. Expert systems are required because there are not enough experts.This is not the case. Expert systems are required because there are not enough experts.

36. Expert Systems Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Social, Legal and Ethical Issues Who is to blame? Who is to blame? If an expert system gets it wrong and a human follows that advice and uses it, who is to blame?If an expert system gets it wrong and a human follows that advice and uses it, who is to blame? The program? The program? The programmer? The programmer? The Human Expert? The Human Expert? An expert system is to be used the same way that a book should be used as reference. If the human chooses to agree with the expert system thats fine. But if the advice is wrong it is the human who is responsible.An expert system is to be used the same way that a book should be used as reference. If the human chooses to agree with the expert system thats fine. But if the advice is wrong it is the human who is responsible.