1. Transport, Food Storage and Gas Exchange in Flowering Plants
Chapter 25

2. Objectives To investigate water uptake through the roots of plants
To define transpiration and discuss how it occurs in plants
To examine how minerals uptake and transport in plants
To consider how carbon dioxide is absorbed and transported by plants

3. Objectives
5. To investigate the fate of the products of photosynthesis 6. To consider how food is stored in plants 7. To study the cohesion-tension model of water transport in xylem 8. To investigate gas exchange in the leaf and stem of plants

4. Structure of Flowering Plants
Flowering plants consist of: Flowers, leaves, stem and root

5. Facts about plants
Plants are autotrophs and make their own food in photosynthesis
Plants carry out respiration
Plant metabolism refers to reactions such as photosynthesis, respiration, reactions of cell division, growth and reproduction
Plants need to be able to acquire and transport water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and some minerals

6. Roots 1. Grow down towards gravity (Geotropism)
2. Anchor the plant in the ground to give support
3. Take in water and minerals
4. Store food, e.g. Carrots

7. Water uptake by the Roots
Root hairs: 1. Found along the root 2. Increase the surface area of the root for water absorption. 3. Do not have a cuticle. Absorption into the roots takes place by osmosis.

8. Osmosis into Roots The cytoplasm of root hairs:
Contains many dissolved solutes.
Is more concentrated than the water in the soil. Therefore water enters root hairs by osmosis.

9. Movement of Water into Xylem
Water diffuses from root hair cells in the cortex through the ground tissue into the xylem.
Xylem vessels form a continuous hollow pipe from roots to all plant parts.

10. Upward movement of water in plant
Two mechanisms:
Root Pressure
When water is drawn into roots by osmosis a pressure is created called root pressure. This pressure pushes water up through the xylem. Root pressure is not strong enough to push water to the top of high trees and root pressure is very low in summer.

11. 2. Transpiration Transpiration is the loss (by evaporation) of water vapour from the leaves and other arial parts of a plant. Most transpiration takes place through small openings on the underside of the leaf called stomata. As each water molecule is pulled from the xylem cells by osmosis it pulls the next water molecule upwards through the stem from the roots

12. Transpiration exerts a pulling force and the upward pull of water due to transpiration is similar to the way water is sucked up through a straw. Control of transpiration in the leaves Leaves may lose more than their weight of water each day due to transpiration. If they do not replace this water they will wilt and die.

13. External Structure of leaf
Adaption
Purpose
Large surface area
To absorb more light
Thin
Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells
Chlorophyll
Absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals
Network of veins
To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates
Stomata
Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf

14. Internal Structure of Leaf

15. How plants reduce their rate of Transpiration
Leaves have a waxy cuticle which is thicker on the upper surface and reduces water loss
Stomata are usually located on the lower surface because the rate of evaporation is lower there.
Each stomata is surrounded by two guard cells which can open or close the stomata. Stomata close at night to reduce transpiration.

16. Mineral uptake and transport
Plants require minerals for healthy growth. Minerals are found in the soil dissolved in water. Minerals such as Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrogen are needed by the plant. Minerals enter the root hairs dissolved in water by active transport. Minerals are then transported by the xylem to all parts of the plant dissolved in water.

17. Uptake & transport of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is needed by the green parts of the plant (mainly leaves) for photosynthesis.
Two Sources of Carbon dioxide:
Most carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata from the atmosphere.
Atmosphere -> stomata -> air spaces in leaves->photosynthesis cells in paliside layer of leaf
2. Carbon dioxide is produced in leaf cells as a waste product of respiration.

18. True rate of photosynthesis=
rate of carbon dioxide absorbed by stomata +
rate of carbon dioxide produced in respiration.

19. Fate of products of photosynthesis
Leaf is main photosynthetic organ in plant
Photosynthesis takes place in chlorophyll containing cells mainly in the leaf.
Products of photosynthesis:
Oxygen: diffuses out of leaf through stomata
Glucose: Used immediately in respiration or converted to starch for storage.
Glucose is transported around the plant in the phloem.

20. Phloem can carry food (glucose) to all parts of the plant for growth, storage, respiration etc.
Food Storage Organs in Plants
Plants can alter or modify their roots, stems or leaves to act as food storage organs.
1. Modified root
In some plants e.g.
carrot and turnip the tap
root becomes swollen and
fleshy with food.

21. 2. Modified stem Potato plants produce underground stem system
2. Modified stem Potato plants produce underground stem system. Tips of some underground stems become swollen with stored starch. Swollen underground stems are called tubers.

22. 3. Modified Leaves
Plants such as onions and daffodils produce bulbs.
A bulb contains an underground stem that is reduced in size.
Swollen fleshy leaves which are modified to store food are attached to this stem.

23. The cohesion-tension model of water transport in Xylem
First proposed by Dixon and Joly two Irish Scientists in 1894 Thought to be the main model of upward movement of water in plants. Involves: Cohesion – the sticking of similar molecules to each other. Water molecules tend to stick together. Adhesion – when different molecules stick together. Water has great adhesion.

24. Outline of Cohesion – Tension Model Water evaporates from xylem into air spaces of leaf and out of stomata into air. As each water molecule evaporates into the air the next water molecule is pulled with it due to high cohesion causing water to be sucked up through plant. This will continue as long as there is a continuous column of water in xylem. 2. The water in the xylem is under tension The cohesive forces between water molecules in

25. Xylem are strong enough to hold water in a column. 3
Xylem are strong enough to hold water in a column. 3. The tension in xylem due to transpiration is strong enough to pull water up through the column to 150m 4. Stomata open in daylight and transpiration occurs. The tension in the water column causes xylem vessels to narrow. Xylem vessels are strengthened by lignin which prevents them collapsing.

26. Gas exchange in leaf

27. Cells within the stem of plants need oxygen to carry on respiration.
Gas Exchange in Stems
Cells within the stem of plants need oxygen to carry on respiration.
As a result, they produce carbon dioxide and water as a waste product of
respiration.
The bark of the stems of trees and shrubs have openings called lenticels which allow for the movement of oxygen into and CO2 and water out of them.
Lenticels are openings in the stem of plants that allow gas exchange

28. Stomata Opening & Closing
Each stomata is enclosed by two guard cells. Guard cells open and close stomata.

29. Control of stomata opening & closing
Major factor in controlling opening and closing is concentration of Carbon dioxide. High conc. Carbon Dioxide – cause stomata to close. Carbon dioxide levels can build up in evenings so stomata close in evenings.

30. Low levels of carbon dioxide – Stomata open