1. The Twenties and the World
AP World II
Chapter 29

2. PEACE (and, Pacifism) Locarno Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact
Both showed the desire for Europe to remain peaceful.
League of Nations
Established at the Paris Peace Conference, but with limited powers of enforcement, and missing the United States

3. Post-WWI picture…
Developed countries’ economies were extremely weak following WWI.
Nations depended on reparations from Germany to repay loans owed to the United States.
Newly developed states fall victim to political extremism in the face of economic crises

4. Italy Benito Mussolini and Fascism Right-wing radicalism
Seeks to bring about change
Anti-communist
Anti-democratic
Hyper-nationalism

5. Mussolini, and Mussolini
Increasingly dictatorial-TOTALITARIAN
Censorship and control over Italian culture
Placed enemies and dissidents in prison
Used propaganda to shift Italian norms and beliefs
Built modern highways
Sponsored literary campaigns
Fought the Mafia
Brought medicine and technology to the whole country
Syndicalism: form of capitalism where labor unions are suppressed

6. Mexico Benito Juarez dies in 1872.
Liberal reformist
Mexico is under leadership of Porfirio Diaz at the turn of the century.
Rebels like Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa fight Diaz and his dictatorial successors
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) restored order in a seemingly democratic process.
The PRI had elections every six years.
Oligarchic controls on election process

7. Oligarchy is a form of government where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence). The word oligarchy is from the Greek for "few" and "rule". Some political theorists have argued that all societies are inevitably oligarchies no matter the supposed political system.
Oligarchies are often controlled by a few powerful families whose children are raised and mentored to become inheritors of the power of the oligarchy, often at some sort of expense to those governed. In contrast to aristocracy ("government by the 'best'"), this power may not always be exercised openly, the oligarchs preferring to remain "the power behind the throne", exerting control through economic means. Although Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as a synonym for rule by the rich, for which the exact term is plutocracy, oligarchy is not always a rule by wealth, as oligarchs can simply be a privileged cadre. It has also been suggested that most communist states fit the definition of oligarchy.
A society may become an oligarchy by default as an outgrowth of the shifting alliances of warring tribal chieftans, although any form of government may transform into an oligarchy at some point in its evolution. The most likely mechanism for this transformation is a gradual accumulation of otherwise unchecked economic power. Oligarchies may also evolve into more classically authoritarian forms of government, sometimes as the result of one family gaining ascendancy over the others. Many of the European monarchies established during the late Middle Ages began in this way.

8. Japan
During the 1920’s Japan made moves towards a democratic parliamentary-monarchy.
The powers of the DIET increased
Political parties became more competitive
Universal male suffrage
Bill of Rights
Media became freer
The economy continued to grow, and modernize

9. Japan
At the same time, the 4 most powerful ZAIBATSU controlled over 20% of the banking industry and 35% of all shipbuilding, 40% of merchant marine, and 21% of the mining industry.
In the 1930’s Japan will abandon its democratic programs in the wake of the Depression.
9/31: Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Full scale Asian war by 1937
: Clash with the Soviets
Then, onto Southeast Asia to push Western powers out.

10. China…
Sun Yat-Sen: Revolution overthrows the imperial dynasty of the Qing.
The Chinese republic takes over under the leadership of Sun and the Nationalist (Kuomintang) party.

11. China…
General Yuan Shikai: Sun must give up government to Yuan Shikai to gain support of military.
Sun grows wary of increasing power of Yuan, and launches a revolt of the Kuomintang vs. Yuan.

12. China… This revolution fails. Sun is forced to flee to Japan.
Yuan dies in 1916
Military officials rule into the 1920’s
The issues in China during the 20’s:
Military government wants to reignite Confucian principles
Younger students and intellectuals want progressive concepts, such as democracy, technology, and science.
May 4, 1919: The May 4th Movement (students gather in Tiananmen Square with desire for political and social reform.
Chinese Communist Party: Begun in 1921 at Beijing University was more progressive in its outlook

13. China, a lil more…
Mao keeps the CCP alive during the LONG MARCH North ( ).
Strategy was to make Communism appealing to the rural peasantry, rather than concentrate on the small industrial working class
1937: Japan would attack Chinese mainland starting a 3-way attack between
Chiang’s Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang)
Mao’s Communists
Invading Japanese