1. Chapter 13
The Great War

2. Section 1 – Marching Towards War

3. The Rise of Nationalism
Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s, but problems lie below the surface
Growing __________________ leads to competition among European nations
Competition for ____________ & _________________
____________________ disputes
Nationalism in the ______________________ leads many groups to demand their own ________________________ nations

4. Imperialism & Militarism
Competition for _________________ stirs mistrust among European nations
Mutual _________________________ spurs European countries to engage in ________________________
By 1914, all European great powers had large ________________________, except ____________________

5. Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
Germany’s _________________________ works to keep peace in Europe after 1871
Believes _________________ wants revenge for loss in 1870 __________________________War
His first goal is to _________________ France from having _________________
Formed dual alliance between ________________ & ______________________

6. Becomes allies with ________________, but only for a short time
Forms _____________________: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ________________ joins in 1882

7. Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
1888- ___________________________ becomes German ruler & forces Bismarck to resign
Foreign policy changes begin in 1890…
Alliance with _______________ dropped & Russia becomes allies w/ ___________________
Effort to strengthen German __________________, which alarms ____________________

8. 1907- _________________, France, & _______________ forms the __________________
Britain not forced to ____________ with France or Russia, but promised NOT to fight ______________ them

9. A Restless Region
Many groups in __________________ win independence during early 1900s
One of the new nations, ________________ which is made up largely of _________________
Wanted all Slavs on the ________________________
___________________ supported their independence

10. ___________________________ annexes Slavic region – ___________________ & Herzegovina in 1908
______________________ outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands
Austria-Hungary vowed to __________________ any _______________________ effort to undermine them

11. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Austro-Hungarian royal heir to the throne, ___________________________& his wife _______________ were killed in their car on June 28, 1914 in __________________, Bosnia
____________________________, 19 yrs. old Serbian – member of the secret society “____________________________”
July 28, ______________ declares war on ______________
___________________(Serbia’s ally) comes to their aid & mobilizes troops

12. Section 2 – Europe Plunges into War

13. Armies on the March
Russia moves troops to its borders with ___________________ and _________________________
Aug. 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on _________________
Aug. 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on __________________
________________________________ then declares war on Germany to help its allies

14. Nations Take Sides
By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe…
__________________________ – Germany & Austrian-Hungary
_____________________ & Ottoman Empire also join later
_______________________ (Allies) – Britain, France, & Russia
U.S., __________________, & Italy joined later

15. The Conflict Grinds Along
____________________ Front – heavy battle zone in northern ________________ that resulted in a deadlock
Germany fighting a ____________ front war & developed the ___________________________ Plan
German plan to defeat _______________ in the west & then going east to fight __________________

16. _____________________ army quickly advances to outskirts of ______________________
Allies quickly regroup
Germany forced to retreat at First Battle of the ________________ after 4 days of fighting
_________________ starts invading Germany
Schlieffen Plan __________________; Germany has to fight a two-front war

17. War in the Trenches
Conflict descends into ____________________________ to protect themselves from _______________________________
Battles result in many deaths & ________________ land gains
Space between trenches “____________________________”
Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, & ______________________

18. New weapons lead to more deaths…
____________________________
Introduced by ________________, but used by both sides
Caused blindness, blisters, & death
_________________________________
Fires ammunition ______________________________
Wiped out waves of attackers at once
_______________________
Could cross many types of ____________________
Introduced by _________________________
______________________________
Introduced by the _________________________
Primary weapon – the _________________________

19. Battle of ______________________…
Germans launched attack against _____________________
Each side lost more than 300,000
__________________ only gained __________ miles
Battle of _________________ …
_______________________ forces attack Germans
By end of battle each side lost more than _____ million troops
______________ only gained about _____________ miles

20. Early Fighting
____________________ Front – site of main fighting along the ______________________________ border
_______________________ push into Austria & _______________, but soon forced to ____________________

21. Russia Struggles
_________________ war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, _______________________________
______________________of Russian army keeps it a formidable force
Prevents ______________________ from sending more troops to the _____________________ Front

22. Section 3 – A Global Conflict

23. The Gallipoli Campaign
__________________ move to capture Ottoman’s _______________________ Strait in February 1915 to capture the capital of _________________________
Hope to defeat ___________________________, ally of Central Powers
Wants to open a ________________________through region to Russia
Effort ends in costly ___________________defeat

24. Battles in Africa & Asia
________________ take control of __________________ holdings in Asia and Africa
Britain and France use their _______________________ to help in the war effort

25. America Joins the Fight
__________________ seeks to control _________________ Ocean to stop supplies to _______________________
Uses _________________________________________ warfare
Ships near _______________________ sunk without warning
1915, sunk the ________________________ & angers U.S.
Germany agrees to stop attacking neutral & _________________ ships
Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to _____________ Britain quickly by using _____________________
Attacks 3 U.S. ships

26. The _____________________________ Note…
______________________ foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote letter to ____________________ & the U.S. intercepted it
Letter stated that if Mexico became allies with __________________ they would help Mexico get back their ___________________ from the U.S.
U.S. declares war against ____________________________ on April 2,1917, joining __________________

27. Governments Wage Total War
WWI becomes ______________________ – nations devote all resources to war
Governments take control of economy to produce ____________________________
Nations turn to ____________________ – limiting purchases of war-related goods
____________________________ – one-sided information to build morale, support for war

28. Women & the War
At home, thousands of women fill ________________ previously held by men
Many women also experience the war by working as __________________

29. Russia Withdraws
Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar _______________________ to step down from throne in 1917
Nov Communist leader, ____________________ took control of Russia’s gov’t
By 1917, _____________ million Russians were either killed, wounded, or taken as __________________
Russia signs treaty with ____________________ in March 1918 & ______________________________________________

30. Central Powers Collapse
Germany moves most of their forces to the ____________________ & gets __________ miles outside of __________________
The 2nd Battle of ____________________ - major fighting & ______________ force ______________________________ to retreat from France
Nov __________________________________ stepped down & Germany declared itself a republic
WWI Ends - ___________________________ win war
_____________________________ signed on Nov. 11, 1918
The 11th hour, on the 11th day, in the 11th month

31. A High Price ________ million soldiers died & ________ million wounded
Countless civilians died due to starvation, disease, & slaughter
War devastates European ___________________, drains national treasuries
Estimated total cost - $_____________billion (in 1918 dollars)
Many acres of land & homes, villages, & towns destroyed
Survivors suffer _______________________________ & despair
Reflected in the arts

32. Section 4 – A Flawed Peace

33. Key Leaders Come Together
Groups of leaders known as the _______________________ dominate peace talks…
_______________________________ – U.S.
Georges Clemenceau – ________________________________
David Lloyd George – _________________________________
_______________________________ – Italy

34. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
Proposes ____________ Points – outline for lasting world peace
Calls for _______________ trade, end to secret ____________________, & military buildups
Promotes _________________________________ – right of people to govern their own nation
Envisions ________________________ peace-keeping body to settle world _____________________

35. The Treaty of Versailles
Britain & __________________ oppose Wilson’s ideas – they want to punish ____________________________
____________________ & Germany sign treaty in June 1919
Creates ________________________________ – international organization to keep peace
Blames _______________________ for war & forces them to pay damages to nations
League to rule over German ________________________ until deemed ready for independence

36. The Creation of New Nations
_________________________ treaty, other peace accords change look of Europe
Austria-Hungary, _______________________, Ottoman Empire all lose ___________________________
Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into __________________________
New countries created in southeastern Europe, ______________________ gives up land

37. A Peace Built on Quicksand
Treaty of V. – creates feelings of __________________________ on both sides
______________________ people feel bitter & betrayed after taking _________________________ for war
__________________________ never signs the treaty
Many Americans oppose _____________________________ & involvement w/ ______________________________

38. Some former _____________________ express anger over not winning _______________________
______________ & ________________ criticize agreement b/c they gain less ________________ than they wanted