1. American Revolution

2. The American Revolution
Chapter 7 History Alive
The American Revolution
Purpose:
What: Rebellion
By: Understanding how the Continental Army was able to win the war for independence from Great Britain.
So: We understand how it affects our life.

3. I. Introduction Essential Question: In the Beginning.
How was the Continental Army able to win the war for independence from Great Britain.
In the Beginning.
Americans are excited.
Americans are not ready for war.
British are ready for war.
Americans should lose.
I. Introduction

4. II. American Strengths and Weaknesses

5. II. American Strengths and Weaknesses
American Weaknesses
Few Soldiers
Untrained Army and Militias
Limited money and resources/supplies
No Navy
American Strengths
Many Americans supported the revolutionary cause.
Fighting on home ground:
Fighting for a cause in which they believed
George Washington

6. III. British Strengths and Weaknesses

7. I. Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses
Great Britain’s Strengths .
More Money and resources than the colonies.
Well-trained army
largest navy in the world.
More soldiers
Great Britain’s Weaknesses.
Included some mercenaries, or hired soldiers, not dedicated to the British cause.
Britain had to ship supplies across the Atlantic.
Had to deal with hostile citizens

8. Important Questions
What military advantages did the British have over the colonists?
Well trained army, largest navy in the world
What advantages did the colonists have over the British?
Many Americans strongly supported the revolution, and they were fighting on home ground for a cause in which they believed.

9. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
1. How did different groups contribute to the war effort?

10. IV. Great Britain Almost Wins the War
African Americans and the War.

11. IV. Great Britain Almost Wins the War
Britain’s War Strategy
William Howe ordered to capture New York City
Washington leaves Boston to stop British in New York.
African Americans and the War.
What did the Declaration mean for slaves. Free, equal?
African Americans already were involved. Not allowed in Continental Army.
Washington and Southerners did not want slaves running away to join the army.
1775 Lord Dunmore's Proclamation promised freedom to any slave who fought for the British.
Continental Army began allowing free African Americans to enlist, and eventually some 5,000 joined

12. IV. Great Britain Almost Wins the War
Defeat in New York
Americans suffer great lose in Battles of New York.
Howe thinks he won and allows Washington to escape.
Fading Hope.
Washington is run out of New York, New Jersey and into PA.
Life was miserable for Continental Army and all seemed lost.
Solders enlistment were up and the army was going home.

13. Important Questions
Why did the Continental Army decide to allow free African Americans to enlist?
In response to Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation, which offered freedom to any African American who fought for the British.

15. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
What were Washington’s strategies at Trenton and Princeton?

16. V. A Pep Talk and Surprise Victories
The Crisis.
Victory at Trenton.

17. V. A Pep Talk and Surprise Victories
Victorious British offer pardon for surrender.
The Crisis.
Washington desperate to keep his army.
Has Thomas Paine’s The Crisis read to army.
He also plans a daring attack on Trenton to boost morale.
Victory at Trenton.
Washington’s army crossed the icy Delaware River on Christmas night of 1776.
Arrive in Trenton the next morning to surprise the drunk Hessians.
They capture Trenton and 800 Hessian mercenaries .
Victory electrifies the Continental army who re-enlist.

18. Battle of Trenton

19. Victory in New Jersey Trenton Howe sent Hessians to New Jersey
On Christmas night in 1776, Washington and 2,400 soldiers silently crossed the icy Delaware River.
Washington led a surprise attack the next morning.
Patriots won the Battle of Trenton in less than an hour.
Princeton
Washington marched northeast to Princeton, New Jersey.
The hard-fought Battle of Princeton ended in another victory for the Patriots.

20. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the war?

21. VI. The Tide Begins to Turn

22. John Burgoyne/ St Leger/ William Howe

23. Horatio Gates/Benedict Arnold

27. VI. The Tide Begins to Turn
Early Strategy Changes.
First strategy was to win one big battle.
Washington changes strategy. Avoid big battles.
He would be defensive and wear the British out.
A New British Strategy.
British change their strategy. Divide the colonies in half between New York and New England
John Burgoyne’s plan for dividing New England.
He was attack from Canada
Howe would attack from the south
Another army from the west.

28. VI. The Tide Begins to Turn
Problems with Burgoyne’s plan.
The map route looked easy but was not.
Thick wilderness and lot of extra supplies slowed the army.
General Howe did not go to Albany. He went to Philly
Turning Point
Burgoyne makes it to Saratoga but it is meets the Continental Army.
Burgoyne gets no help from other armies and is forced to surrender.
Battle of Saratoga is first major victory. We get:
France and Spain enter the war on our side.
Boosts morale
Ends threat to New England
Winter at Valley Forge.
Saratoga great victory but not the end. Cold winter of suffering
Howe still in Philly and Washington roamed the country.
No food for Washington because Continental Money was worthless. British paid in gold.
Baron Fredrich Von Steuben a Prussian officer trains the Army.
Marquis de Lafayette a French noblemen helps with his service and money.

29. Winter at Valley Forge
Continental army spent the winter of at Valley Forge, Pa.
Hardships
More than one fifth of the Continental Army died of disease and malnutrition.
Some soldiers became angry and frustrated with the lack of supplies and pay.
Veteran Prussian officer Baron Friedrich von Steubon drilled the Continental soldiers and helped turn them into well-trained group.

30. Turning Point at Saratoga
British Strategy for New England
General John Burgoyne was to attack Fort Ticonderoga and then march south.
A second force was to march east from Lake Ontario.
General Howe’s troops were to march north from New York City.
All three forces were to meet at Albany, New York.
Howe defeated the Continental Army at the Battle of Brandywine Creek.
Saratoga
Burgoyne’s troops reached Albany before other forces did
As a result, Patriot forces outnumbered Burgonye’s and the Patriots won the Battle of Saratoga.
Victory raised colonial morale and increased foreign support for the Revolution.

31. Important Questions
What effects did the America victory at Saratoga have?
- Improved colonial morale
- Increased foreign support for Patriots
- Ended threat in New England
- 1st Major victory and turning point

32. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
Describe how the war took place in the southern colonies?

33. VII. The War Moves South . Saving the South A Trap at Yorktown
Cornwallis Surrenders

35. VII. The War Moves South British Change Strategy again.
Move the war to the south which is full of Loyalists.
Attack Savannah, Georgia and move north.
Saving the South
Guerrillas are soldiers who are not part of the regular army.
Guerrillas keep Cornwallis from gaining control of the south.
Francis Marion (The Swamp Fox) leads his band of men on hit-and-run attacks to harass the British.
Washington send Nathanael Greene down south to slow the British.
Greene’s army is to small so he gets Cornwallis to chase him through the country until Cornwallis tires and goes to Yorktown .
A Trap at Yorktown
5,000 French troops join Washington in New York and another 3,000 on the way.
Washington secretly moves his army south to trap Cornwallis.
The French navy blocks the Chesapeake Bay so Cornwallis can not be rescued.
Washington and the French siege Yorktown and bombed it for days.
Cornwallis Surrenders
Cornwallis hoped the British navy would rescue him.
He finally realized he would not be rescued.
On October 19, 1781 the British surrender.

36. The War in the South British Strategy
Focused on the southern colonies after defeat in the Battle of Saratoga.
Freed slaves, who then assisted the British war effort.
British Victories
Captured port cities of Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina.
Defeated Patriot forces led by Horatio Gates at Camden, South Carolina.
British victory at Camden destroyed the Patriots’ southern army.
Patriots Fight Back
Patriots switch to guerrilla warfare- swift hit and run attacks.
Francis Marion, known as the Swamp Fox and a master of guerrilla warfare, led a group of soldiers that attacked British communications and supply lines.

37. Important Questions
How did the Patriots respond to the destruction of their southern army?
- They turned to guerrilla warfare.

38. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
Examine the events that finally ended the war?

39. VIII. The War Ends .

40. VIII. The War Ends Aftermath of the War. The Treaty of Paris.
French war debt cause their own revolution.
British hold on for two more years until support is gone.
The Treaty of Paris.
Britain recognized the United States of America.
Britain gives up claims to all lands between Atlantic and Mississippi River.
The U.S. agrees to return all rights and property taken from Loyalists
The Impact of the American Revolution.
Europe is inspired to create their own democracies.
Leads to revolution is South America.

41. Victory at Yorktown Difficult Times
By 1781 the Patriots had run low on money to pay soldiers and buy supplies.
Entry of foreign allies had not ended the war quickly, as the Patriots had hoped.
Patriots lost morale when Benedict Arnold, a gifted officer, turned traitor.
British controlled most of the south.
Yorktown
Lies on a peninsula in Virginia.
British general Charles Cornwallis moved to Yorktown to attack a patriot force.
In New York, General George Washington and French general Comte de Rochambeau planned a strategy to trap Cornwallis.
The Battle
French fleet took control of the Chesapeake Bay, which prevented Cornwallis from receiving reinforcements by sea.
Combined American-French force, which was more than twice the size of Cornwallis’s forces, surrounded Cornwallis and put his forces under siege.
After several weeks, Battle of Yorktown ended with Cornwallis’s surrender.
British defeated at Yorktown on October 20, 1781, marked the war’s end.

42. Treaty of Paris
Peace negotiations, which began in June 1781, lasted more than two years.
Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognized the independence of the United States, set borders for the new nation, and resolves some trade and settlement issues.

43. Important Questions
How did the French assist the Americans at Yorktown?
- They helped plan strategy, provided troops and fleet to help trap Cornwallis’s forces.

44. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
How did foreign nations and individuals aid the Patriots?

47. Foreign Allies France and Spain Individuals
Victory at Saratoga convinced France that the American could win the war.
In 1778 the Continental Congress approve an alliance with France.
Spain joined the war against Britain in 1779.
Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Spanish Louisiana, was a key Patriot ally.
Individuals
Marquis de Lafayette of France fought with the Patriots and gave them money.
Officers from Poland provided military training and skill.

50. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
How did the Patriots carry out the naval war?

52. The War at Sea Continental Navy. A successful Captain
Created by Continental Congress in 1775
Because of the navy’s small size, Patriot ships attacked individual British vessels instead of fighting large battles.
A successful Captain
John Paul Jones, originally from Scotland, captured many British supply ships.
Won a major victory against the British warship Serapis in 1779

53. Important Questions
How did Baron Fredrich Von Steubon aid the Continental Army
- drilled soldiers into a well-trained fighting unit
What strategy did commanders in the Continental Navy use against the British
- because navy was small, attached individual ships rather than fighting large battles.

54. Important Questions In what ways did women serve the patriot cause?
Running farms and business
Raising money for supplies
Sewing uniforms
Working as messengers, nurses, or spies
Serving in battle

55. The American Revolution
Ch 7
The American Revolution
Objectives:
Explain the ways that geography affected the Patriot strategy in the west?

58. The War in the West Biography
George Rogers Clark was a Virginian who had explored the frontier.
Gathered soldiers from small towns, built an army, and attacked forts and towns.
Kaskaskia
British trading village located along the Mississippi River.
Trading post enabled the British to maintain relations with American Indians, control the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and supply British soldiers in Detroit.
Clark’s troops took Kaskaskia in a surprise attack.
More Success
Clark convinced some American Indians to remain neutral
Won the Battle of Vincennes in February 1779.
Never captured Fort Detroit but weakened the British war effort in the west.

59. Important Questions
Why was Kaskaskia an important location in the war in the west?
- Trading posts location enabled the British to maintain relations with American Indians, control the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and supply troops in Detroit