1. CROSSING OVER IN Sordaria
By Mrs. Jones

2. MAIN MENU Intro to the fungi Sordaria Life Cycle
Structures of Sordaria
Formation of Asci
Lab

3. Common Characteristics of Fungi
eukaryotic
most are multicellular
Reproduce by spores
Sexual or asexual
heterotrophic
absorptive nutrition

4. Structure of a Fungus hyphae mycelium (mass of hyphae)
Septa (cross walls)
chitin cell wall
haploid except during sexual reproduction
mycelium
hyphae
septa

5. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNGI
Eubacteria
Chytridiomycota
Animals
Archae
Zygomycota
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Basidiomycota
Plants
Ascomycota
Algae
Viruses ?
Protists

6. Ecological Impact of Fungi
decompose wastes and dead organisms
return nutrients to the ecosystem
Saprophytic
decomposers in a woodland
One year over a ton of debris falls onto an acre of woodland
return nutrients to the soil.

7. Pathogenic Fungi valley fever Valley Fever disease of the
common in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis,
which grows in soils
fungal spores become airborne when the soil is disturbed
infection occurs when a spore is inhaled
Within the lung, the spore changes into a larger, multicellular structure called a spherule. The spherule grows and bursts, releasing endospores which develop into spherules..

8. a fungal infection. athletes foot
lives on the skin and breeds under warm, moist conditions.
more common during hot weather
sweaty footwear is usually the culprit. Adult males suffer most often from this condition.

9. Pathogenic Fungi Cont.
Powdery mildews that attack ornamental and food plants
The chestnut blight, which in a few decades killed almost all of the mature American chestnut trees in the Appalachians of North America.
The Dutch elm disease, which has killed many of the American elms in the United States.

10. Food Source
The truffle and the morel are both highly-prized food delicacies. Truffles establish a symbiotic relationship with the roots of such trees as oaks.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae or budding yeast
Ferments sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide and thus is used to make alcoholic beverages like beer and wine
to make ethanol for industrial use
in baking (it is often called baker's yeast). Here, it is the carbon dioxide that is wanted (to make bread and cakes "rise" and have a spongy texture).
Oregon White Truffle Tuber
morel

11. Sordaria Life Cycle

12. Life Cycle of Sordaria The ascospore is haploid.
It divides by mitosis producing haploid filaments
As it continues to divide by mitosis the haploid mycelium grow inside the organism the fungus is digesting

13. Life Cycle Cont. The ends of two mycelia fuse.
The nuclei of two haploid cells join (fertilization) forming a diploid zygote.
The zygote then divide by meiosis producing 4 haploid cells.
The four cells divide by mitosis producing 8 haploid nuclei.

14. Life Cycle Cont. The 8 nuclei develop into ascospores.
The spores are discharged from the perithecium and the cycle begins again.

15. Wild and tan strains being crossed on agar plate
Wild and tan strains being crossed on agar plate. Where the mycelia of the two strains meet fruiting bodies called perithecia develop.

16. Perithecium containing asci.

17. When the perithecia are crushed the asci can be seen.

18. Sordaria ascus (non hybrid)
Fertilization did not take place between different strains of fungi. If genes crossed over we cannot tell because all of the spores are the same color.

19. Asci containing black and tan ascospores.

20. Formation of asci
During prophase I of meiosis homologous chromosomes pair and form tetrads through the process of synapsis. While the four chromosomes are close together DNA can be exchanged between homologous chromatids.

21. Chiasmata (crossing over)

22. A Closer Look at Chiasmata
The + designate wild type genes (black)
tn designates the mutant with tan spores.
When no crossing over occurs the tan asci
will all be together and the black asci will all be together.

23. Asci showing no crossing over.

24. Meiosis with Crossing Over
When crossing over occurs the ascospores will form
one of the patterns above .
Notice that only half of the chromosomes crossed over .
This means that half of the spores in the ascus are the
result of crossover.

25. Ascospore showing crossover.

26. Mapping the Genes of Sordaria
OBJECTIVES
Explain how meiosis and crossing-over result in different arrangements of ascospores within the asci
Calculate the map distance between a gene for ascospore color and the centromere of the chromosome on which the gene is found.

27. Background
The frequency of crossing over appears to be governed largely by the distance between genes, or in this case, between the gene for spore coat color and the centromere. The probability of a crossover occurring between two particular genes on the same chromosome (linked genes) increases as the distance between those genes becomes larger. The frequency of crossover, therefore, appears to be directly proportional to the distance between genes.

28. A map unit is an arbitrary unit of measure used to describe relative distances between linked genes. The number of map units between two genes or between a gene and and the centromere is equal to the percentage of the recombinants. Customary units cannot be used because we cannot directly visualize genes with the light microscope. However, due to the relationship between distance and crossover frequency, we may use the map unit.

29. Materials perithecia (paper bag) from a black X tan cross
asci (paper strips) with eight dots representing ascospores

30. Procedure
remove the asci form the bag and separate into hybrid and nonhybrid stacks.
separate and count the MI and MII asci
do NOT count the nonhybrid asci
record your personal data in your lab book and in the class data in the computer.

31. Calculate Map Distance (use the class data)
divide the number of cross-over asci by the total number of asci and multiply by 100 to calculate the percent of cross-over
divide the percent of cross-over by 2 to calculate the map distance

32. Questions Why are the nonhybrid asci not counted?
Why is the percent of cross-over divided by 2?
Draw a pair of chromosomes in MI and in MII, and show how you would get a 2:4:2 arrangement of ascospores by crossing over.

33. GLOSSARY
Absorptive nutrition - obtaining nourishment from the surroundings (often having first digested it by secreting enzymes)
Dikaryotic – possess two haploid nuclei
Diploid – the presence of pairs of homologous chromosomes
Haploid – single chromosomes NOT pairs
Heterotrophic –obtaining nutrients by eating other organisms or their byproducts.
Pathogenic – disease causing