1. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de “From linear to holistic – issues emerging from recent comparative research on innovation policies” Prof. Dr. Stefan Zagelmeyer Professor of Economics International University of Bad Honnef-Bonn (IUBH), Germany 20/03/2014, 2014 ERAC Mutual Learning Seminar on Research and Innovation policies, Brussels

2. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de Table of Contents 1.Introduction 2.From linear to holistic … to where? 3.Issues to be considered Note and disclaimer: This presentation may refer to the RIS research project which FHNW, Dialogic and empirica conducted on behalf of the European Commission (2012-2014). The research team consisted of: Franz Barjak, Pieter Perrett and Michael Sitte (FHNW) Robbin te Velde, Pim den Hertog, Cor-Jan Jager, Jaap Veldkamp, and Arthur Vankan (Dialogic), and Stefan Lilischkis and Stefan Zagelmeyer (empirica). Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission nor any other member of the RIS research project team is responsible for following information. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission or the RIS research team.

3. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de Introduction Why comparative innovation research? Academic: To develop and improve theory => To test theory and understand the relative significance of determinants of a particular phenomenon Public Policy: Compare (similarities) and contrast (differences) => Benchmarking and best practices The Research and Innovation Systems (RIS) Project Question: Which characteristics of R&I Systems determine RIS performance? Analytical framework with eight dimensions for “diagnostic analysis” (Edquist 2011: 1746), integrating the previous literature on components/elements, activities/functions and failures/bottlenecks Mix of quantitative and qualitative empirical research Summary of Findings Difference between R&I efficiency and effectiveness Science and technology subsystems should be treated separately Similarities and differences between (groups of) countries exist, but cause- effect-relationships are difficult to identify R&I priorities might shift, based on the “level of development/maturity” a R&I system (or policy) finds itself in

4. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de Analytical Framework: Overview Source: RIS Project. Research & Innovation Systems (RIS) Dimensions (structures and policies) RIS Performance Variables (levels and change)

5. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de Linear to holistic to...? Oxford Adv. Learners Dictionary Linear (adj.) #1: of or in lines – “In his art he broke the laws of scientific linear perspective”. #2: going from one thing to another in a single series of stages – “Students do not always progress in a linear fashion.” #4: (mathematics) - able to be represented by a straight line on a graph – “linear equations” Holistic (adj.) #1: (informal) considering a whole thing… being more than a collection of lines – “a holistic approach to life” #2: (medical) treating the whole person rather than just the symptoms (= effects) of a disease – “holistic medicine” Esoteric (adj.) #1: likely to be understood or enjoyed by only a few people with a special knowledge or interest – “a programme of …for everyone, even those with the most esoteric taste” Performance (noun) #3: how well or badly you do something; how well or badly something works – “the country's economic performance”, “It was an impressive performance by the French team.” #4: the act or process of performing a task, an action, etc. – “Her academic performance has been inconsistent.”

6. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de Lessons from Recent Research: Issues to be considered… Ideas, Concepts and Analytical Frameworks Gaps: Culture, entrepreneurship, within-country variation International dimension: MNCs, cross-border organization of R&D in cross- border value-creation networks Relationship between policies and performance: linear, patterns/bundles? Can ‘linear’ and ‘holistic’ be combined? Level of analysis? Units of analysis? Time dimension? Dynamics? Data Quality of information, language/translation issues, comparability of policies and practices, ethnocentricity Reliability and validity: politics, fractional interests, ideologies Research and Innovation Policies Information not detailed enough to answer a number of questions on policy alternatives in the RIS dimensions and their impact Diminishing/increasing returns, centres of gravitation, incompatibilities, complementarities, critical masses, stages of development?

7. Prof. Dr. S. Zagelmeyer IUBH www.fh-bad-honnef.de

8. Questions ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?