4. A male mouse is called a buck.
A female mouse is called a doe.
A baby mouse is called a pinky, or a kitten.
Mice are fond of hard bread.
Mice are constant eaters - and will eat almost anything.
Mice are prolific breeders, producing six to ten litters continuously throughout the year
Mice will nurse babies that are not their own.
Baby mice curl up when they are being carried.
You can keep mice on a table without a cage because mice are afraid to jump off high vertical drops.

5. To this day some people believe that fried mice or mouse pie is a cure for bed wetting.
The greatest loss from mice is not due to how much they eat, but what must be thrown out because of damage or contamination.
Each year, rodents cause more than one billion dollars in damage in the US alone.
Mice have tails that are as long as their bodies.
You should never pick a mouse up by its tail.The tip of the tail may come off.
Mouse tails have scales that help with climbing.
Some mice don't have any hair at all.
Mice have been domesticated for hundreds of years.
The National Mouse Club of Britain was formed in 1895.
Mice are able to see some colors; however, they do lack the pigment that allows them to see red. They see shades of black and white and may be able to distinguish blues.
Though generally classified as herbivores and eat a regular diet of grains and fruit, mice will eat almost anything they encounter

6. Rat and mouse bones have been found in caves where cavemen lived.
Mice can make their own vitamin C.
People worshipped mice in temples. (You can see this in India)
The Hindu god Ganesha rides a mouse

7. A mouse can jump down 12 feet without injury.
Mice are nocturnal creatures.
The name mouse comes from "mus", a Sanskrit word that means thief.
Mouse urine has a fluorescent glow.
Mice see best in dim light.
Mice travel the same path time and time again, leaving a smudge mark - a buildup of dirt and oil from their fur - along walls, pipes and holes.
Mice can chew through anything that is softer than their teeth.
Mice can transmit salmonellosis (bacterial food poisoning) when food is contaminated with infected mouse feces

9. Mice Mouse pleural (mice) is a rodent
The best known species is the house mouse (mus musculus)
Live up 2 years
In wild life 5 months due to heavy predation by dogs, cats, birds,snakes,
Breathing dust from feces dangerous
The original motivation for cat to be domesticated is mice

11. Genetics Outbred stocks Inbred stocks
Athymic nude mice and (SCID) mice
F1 hybrid
Transgenic mice

15. Ecology Germ free or axenic Specific germ free Gnotobiotics
conventional

16. Uses Make good pet Proficient breeder Musty odor
More mice used in research
Genetics.virology.teratogenecity.

17. Behavior They are social animals Curioius but not aggressive
Female mice rarely fight
Dominant hierarchy
They are nocturnal and diurnal

18. Anatomic and physiologic features
Dental formula 2(1/1 incisors, 0/0 canine, 0/0 premolar. 3/3 molar)
The incisors are open rooted
Divided stomach
The lung has one large left lobe and four small large lobe.
Brown fat is present
Mice have 5 pairs of mammary gland

19. Biologic and reproductive data
Adult body weight
Male gr
Female gr
Body temperature c
Life span y
Respiratory rate
Heart beat
Estrus cycle d
Breeding onset d
Gestation period d
Postpartum estrus fertile
Litter size
Weaning age
Breeding duration mo
Chromosome

20. Breeding and reproduction
Polygamous and monogamous
Bred 7 to 8 weeks
Phremones is important
Whitens
Bruce affect
Mating can be confirmed by plug
Gestation period days
In lactating mice is prolonged by 3-10 days
Altricial
Called pinkies
By day 10 their body has hair ears open and the eyes open by 12
They eat solid food at 14

21. Husbandary
Housing in a shoe box cages made of plastic or polycarbonate.minimal space required 97cm2
Pine or cedar chips should not be used
Temprature 18-26c
Humidity 30%-70%
10-15 change air in hour
12-14 hours light
The frequency of cage cleaning

22. Feeding and watering Mice usually consume 3-5g of solid food
16%protein, 4% fat
Adult mice drink 6-7 ml of water
Mice are coprophage

23. Identification
Ear punching, ear tagging, microchip, dyes

24. Handling and restraint
To transfer mouse from cage to cage hold the animal from base of the tail

25. restraint
Restraint of the mouse using one grip handfor intraperitoneal injection

26. Blood collection Retroorbital sinus Lateral veins on the tail
Cardiac puncture

27. Hematology Total blood 1.6-3.2ml Single sample 0.2-0.3 ml
Exanguination ml

28. Drug administration Medication is frequently administered orally
Small gauge needle 23 and 25 is used
Subcutaneously 2-3ml
Im 0.2ml
Intraperitoneal 2-3 ml

29. Anesthesia Dilution of all injectable anesthesia is recommended
The combination of ketamine and xylazine
Isoflurane , halothane, methoxyflorane

30. Bacterial disease Pneumonia and respiratory disease
Mycoplasma pulmonis,Klebsiela pneumoniae, corynebacterium kutscheri,
Clinical signs , labored respiration, weght loss, conjunctivitis
Ampicilline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicole,sulfamerazine

31. Helicobacter infection
Mice rat guinea pig rabbit ferret dog
Causes chronic active hepatitis
A/jcr are susceptible to tumor
H.hepaticus cause inflammatory bowl disease
H.bilis, h.muridarum, h.rappini
Gross lesion foci of necrosis in liver,
Treatment amoxicillin, tetracycline

32. Tyzzers disease Mice, rat , hamster, guinea pig, rabbits, dog, cat.
Caused by Clostridium piliforme
Immunosuppressive animals or newly weaned
Clinical signs include diarrhea, dehydration and anorexia

33. Colonic hyperplasia disease
Citrobacter freundii biotype 4280
Entrocolith, diarrhea,
Thichening of the colon
Mucosal hyperplasia
Treatment neomycin
Tetracyclin sulfamethazine

34. Coryneform hyperkeratosis
Corynebacterium psuedodipheriticum
Hyperkeratosis in nude mice and high mortality in suckling
Dry white flaky skin, priritis
Affected animals should be euthenized

35. Staphylococcus aureus
Abscess
Conjunctivitis
Superficial pyoderma
Furunculosis is a problem in nude mice

36. Streptococcus spp
Drmatitis, cervical lymphadenitis, bacteremia

37. Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Water born infection
Mice that immunologically weak
Listlessness, anorexia and death

38. Viral diseases Sendai virus Mouse hepatitis virus
Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice
Murine retroviral infection
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Ectromelia

39. Sendai virus Is a parainfluenza I virus
Fatal in weanling cerbation of pnumono
Supress the normal antibacterial of lung
Exacerbation of pnumonia
Hunchrd poture, ruffled feather, dyspnea, and teeth chattering

40. Mouse hepatitis virus
It has two forms of enteric and respiratory pattern
Clinical sign in suckling, diarrhea,encephalitis, tremor,empty stomach

41. Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice
Less than two weeks

42. Murine retroviral infection
All mice harbor both endogenous murine leukemia virus and endogenous murine mammary tumor virus

43. Parasitic diseases Mites Myobia musculi Rodfordes affini
Mycoptes musculinus
Psoregatus simplex

44. Pinworm
Syphacia obvelata, Aspicularis tetraptera cause anal pruritis and diarrhea ,rectal prolapse

45. Tapworm
Hymenolepsis nana
Hymenolepsis diminuta

46. Flagellates
Spirunucleus muris
Giardia muris

47. Miscellaneous conditions
Bite wound
Dehydration
Hair loss
malocculation

48. Hamster
Family Cricetidiae.ther are over 50 species, subspecies and varieties.
They are found in any significant number
It weighs 120 grams

49. Syrian or golden (Mesocricetus auratus)

51. Russian hamster
!. Campbell dwarf, brownish white in color belly, dorsal stripe

52. Siberian or roborovski
Grey in color white in winter

53. Chinese (Cricetulus griceus)
Mouse like hamster smaller, 30gr

54. Uses They are popular as pets
Research animal, because they have small size, ease of taming, low care requirments and few diseases
Syrian hamster is used in infectious diseases, cancer, immunology, hypothermia, dental caries, reproductive , physiology,cardiomyopathy
Chinese is used in diabetes, and cytogenetic studies
Both are used in rodiobiology

55. Behavior Solitary animals Group housing is stressful
Aggressive especially to unfamiliar of either sex
The females are more aggressive
They make tunnel
They are sound sleeper
They walk long distance
Hibernate 2 to 3 days

56. Anatomic and physiologic features
Short legs, bright beady black eyes
Large amount of skin
Cheek pouches
Dental formula 2( 1/1 incisors, 0/0 canine, 0/0 premolars, 3/3 molars)
The stomach has 2 parts
long duedenum and jejunum
Brown adipose tissue
Two gland in the flanks
Differention of sexes
Female has 5 to 6 pairs of mammary glands

57. Biological data Male 85-120gr Female 95-150gr Life span 18-24 month
Body temprature c
Heart rat
Respiratory rate
Food consumption gr/100/d
Water consumption ml
Breeding onset
Male wk
Female wk
Estrus cycle length d
Gestation period d
Litter size
Weaning age d
Breeding duration months
Chromosomes

58. Breeding and reproduction
Bred for the first time 6 and 8 weeks when they are 80 t0 100 g.
Polyestrus except for winter
Ovulation is spontaneous after 8 hours
There is discharge
The female usually attack the new male
Signs of pregnancy
Gestation is very short
Litter size 5 to nine
The ears open 4 to 5 days, eyes 14 to 16 days , eat food 7 to 10 days
Cannibalism of young is common

59. Husbandary Housing, 123 cm2 and the cage hight 15cm
Caging material should be carefully sellected
Temperature c
Humidity 30-70%
10 to 15 air change per hour
Fastidious

60. Feeding and wATERING 16 % PROTEIN 4-5% FAT
6 to 10 g /100 and 9 to 10 ml of water
Slot width 11mm
They are coprophage

61. Adult blood volumes Total blood 6.8 to 12 Single sample 0.5-1.2
Exanguination

62. Blood collection Retroorbital bleeding Limbed vein or clipped toenail
Cardiac puncture

63. Drug administration Small scales are useful
5 ml of sugar or syrup can be added
Subcutaneous 3-4ml
Intraperitoneal 3-4 ml
Im 0.1 ml
Interavenou is made to cephalic vein, jugular vein,

64. husbandary Prefers solid bottom- bottom cages
Floor area of 123 cm with hight of 15cm
Caging material should be carefully selected
Temperature c
Humidity 30 to 70%
14 hours light
10 to 15 changes per hour
Feed should contain 16% protein 4 to 5% fat
They are coprophagic

65. Breeding and reproduction
First time 6 and 8 weeks of age( ) gr
Female is contineously polystrus
Cycling every 4 days
White discharge 2nd day
The female can be successfully mated
On the 3rd days
Ears open 4-5days
Eyes 14 to 15
Eat food 7-10
Fertile 2-18d after weaning
cannibalism

66. Baybys 4 weeks

67. Baybys 6 weeks

68. Baybys 12 days eyes are not open

69. Babys 17 eyes are open

70. 10 days eyes not open

71. Young

72. young

73. Antibiotic Associated Entrocolitis
Lincomycin, clindamycin,ampicillin, vancomycin, erythromycin, cephalosprins, gentamycin,
Clost.difficile
Cecal mucosa edematous and hemorrhagic
Diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia, ruffled fur

74. Proliferative ileitis, or wet tail
Most common spontaneous disease of hamster caused by Desulfovibrio sp.
Confined to young of 3 to 8 weeks
Mortality is often high and is caused by stress
Unkempt hair coat, anorexia,moistened perineal area.
Necropsy, gas and yellow diarrhea, ileum thickened and edematous

75. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

76. Rabies
Rabies is a virus that can cause a wide variety of symptoms in hamsters. Once bitten by a rabid animal, hamsters will develop a nasty and irritable temperament within days and usually die with in a week of the first signs. As the virus progresses, the hamster will eventually experience paralysis of their lungs and throat causing the animal to suffocate and die.
Rabies is a virus that can be prevented through vaccination every three years. As rabies is common in both domestic and wild animals, most states in the US require pets to have rabies shots.

77. Tapeworms
Hamsters can become infected with tapeworms if they inadvertently eat contaminated food that contains tapeworm eggs. The tapeworm lives in the hamster’s intestines and competes with the hamster for nutrients and water. Generally hamsters will experience weight loss when carrying a tape worm.

78. Pinworm
Pinworms are a much less common parasite that resides in the large intestine of the hamster. Hamsters typically do not experience adverse side effects from carrying the parasite, although in some cases the parasite can cause extreme itching around the anus

79. Demodex
Demodex criceti
Demodex aurati

80. Hamster care Abscess Allergy Bladder, kidney infection Broken limb
Constipation
Dehydration
Eye problem
Fur loss
Heat stroke
Hibernation
Impacted cheeks
Overgrown nails
Old age
Rectal prolaps
infection
shock