1. Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin chains T. S. CubittJ.I. Cirac

2. Motivation and goals Time evolution of a chain Correlation and entanglement wave-packets Engineering the dynamics: solitons etc. Fermionic gaussian state formalism Conclusions Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin chains T. S. CubittJ.I. Cirac

3. Conceptual motivation: new experiments …motivate new theoretical studies of non-equilibrium behaviour. New experiments… Many papers on correlations/entanglement of ground states Fewer on time-dependent behaviour away from equilibrium

4. Many papers on correlations/entanglement of ground states. Fewer on time-dependent behaviour away from equilibrium Existing results In Phys. Rev. A 71, 052308 (2005), we used our entanglement rate equations to bound the time taken to entangle the ends of a length L chain. Left open question of whether our p L lower bound is tight. In J.Stat.Mech. 0504 (2005) p.010, Calabrese and Cardy investigated the time-evolution of block-entropy in spin chains. Bravyi, Hastings and Verstraete (quant-ph/0603121) recently used Lieb-Robinson to prove tighter, linear bound.

5. Practical motivation: quantum repeaters “Traditional” solution to entanglement distribution: build a quantum repeater. But a real quantum repeater involves particle interactions, e.g. atoms in cavities. Alternative (e.g. Popp et al., Phys. Rev. A 71, 042306 (2005)): use entanglement in ground state: Getting to the ground state may be unrealistic. Why not use non-equilibrium dynamics to distribute entanglement?

6. Motivation and goals Time evolution of a chain Correlation and entanglement wave-packets Engineering the dynamics: solitons etc. Fermionic gaussian state formalism Conclusions T. S. Cubitt Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin chains J.I. Cirac

7. Time evolution of a spin chain (1) As an exactly-solvable example, we take the XY model… anisotropy magnetic field …and start it in some separable state, e.g. all spins +.

8. Fourier: Time evolution of a spin chain (2) Solved by a well-known sequence of transformations: Bogoliubov: Jordan-Wigner:

9. Time evolution of a spin chain (3) Initial state ­ N | +i … …is vacuum of the c l =  z j  - l operators. Wick’s theorem: all correlation functions h x m …p n i of the ground state of a free-fermion theory can be re-expressed in terms of two-point correlation functions. Our initial state is a fermionic Gaussian state: it is fully specified by its covariance matrix:

10. Time evolution of a spin chain (4) Hamiltonian… …is quadratic in  x and  p. From Heisenberg equations, can show that time evolution under any quadratic Hamiltonian: corresponds to an orthogonal transformation of the covariance matrix: Gaussian state stays gaussian under gaussian evolution.

11. Time evolution of a spin chain (5) Initial state is a fermionic gaussian state in x l and p l. Time-evolution is a fermionic gaussian operation in  x k and  p k. Connected by Fourier and Bogoliubov transformations Fourier and Bogoliubov transformations are gaussian:

12. Time evolution of a spin chain (phew!) Putting everything together: x k, p k   x k  p k  x k  p k  x k, p k x k, p k   x l, p l time-evolve initial state

13. Motivation and goals Time evolution of a chain Correlation and entanglement wave-packets Engineering the dynamics: solitons etc. Fermionic gaussian state formalism Conclusions Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin chains T. S. CubittJ.I. Cirac

14. String correlations We can get string correlations h  a n  z l  b m i for free… Equations are very familiar: wave-packets with envelope S propagating according to dispersion relation . Given directly by covariance matrix elements, e.g.:

15. Two-point correlations Two-point connected correlation functions h  z n  z m i - h  z n ih  z m i can also be obtained from the covariance matrix. Again get wave-packets (3 of them) propagating according to dispersion relation  k . Using Wick’s theorem:

16. As with all operationally defined entanglement measures, LE is difficult to calculate in practice. Best we can hope for is a lower bound. What about entanglement? The relevant measure for entanglement distribution (e.g. in quantum repeaters) is the localisable entanglement (LE). Definition: maximum entanglement between two sites (spins) attainable by LOCC on all other sites, averaged over measurement outcomes. Popp et al., Phys. Rev. A 71, 042306 (2005) : LE is lower- bounded by any two-point connected correlation function. In case you missed it: we’ve just calculated this!

17. Motivation and goals Time evolution of a chain Correlation and entanglement wave-packets Engineering the dynamics: solitons etc. Fermionic gaussian state formalism Conclusions Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin chains T. S. CubittJ.I. Cirac

18. In particular, around  =1.1, =2.0 all three wave-packets in the two-point correlation equations are nearly identical ! localised packets propagate at well-defined velocity with minimal dispersion: “soliton-like” behaviour In other parameter regimes: narrower wave-packets in nearly linear regions of dispersion relation ! packets maintain their coherence as they propagate In some parameter regimes: broad wave-packets and a highly non-linear dispersion relation ! correlations rapidly disperse and disappear Correlation wave-packets

19. In some parameter regimes: broad wave-packets and a highly non-linear dispersion relation ! correlations rapidly disperse and disappear: (  =10, =2) Correlation wave-packets (1) The system parameters  and simultaneously control both the dispersion relation and form of the wave-packets.

20. In other parameter regimes, all three wave-packets in the two- point correlation equations are nearly identical ! localised packets propagate at well-defined velocity with minimal dispersion: “soliton-like” behaviour: (  =1.1, =2) Correlation/entanglement solitons

21. In general, time-ordering is essential. But if parameters change slowly, dropping it gives reasonable approximation. If we stay within “soliton” regime, adjusting the parameters only changes gradient of the dispersion relation, without significantly affecting its curvature. ! Can speed up and slow down the “solitons”. Controlling the soliton velocity (1) If the parameters are changed with time, ! Effective evolution under time-averaged Hamiltonian.

22. Starting from  =1.1, =2.0 and changing at rate +0.01: Controlling the soliton velocity (2)

23. Can calculate this analytically using same machinery as before. Resulting equations are uglier, but still separate into terms describing multiple wave-packets propagating and interfering. “Quenching” correlations (1) What happens if we do the opposite: rapidly change parameters from one regime to another? Choose parameters so that “frozen” packets remain relatively coherent, whilst others rapidly disperse. Get four types of behaviour for the wave-packets: Evolution according to  1 for t 1, then  2 Evolution according to  1 for t 1, then -  2 Evolution according to  1 until t 1, no evolution thereafter Evolution according to  2 starting at t 1

24. “Quenching” correlations (2) Choose parameters so that “frozen” packets remain relatively coherent, whilst others rapidly disperse. ! can move correlations/entanglement to desired location, then “quench” system to freeze it there. E.g.  =0.9, =0.5 changed to  =0.1, =10.0 at t 1 =20.0:

25. Motivation and goals Time evolution of a chain Correlation and entanglement wave-packets Engineering the dynamics: solitons etc. Fermionic gaussian state formalism Conclusions Engineering correlation and entanglement dynamics in spin chains T. S. CubittJ.I. Cirac

26. What about entanglement? (2) There is another LE bound we can calculate… Recall concurrence: Not a covariance matrix element because of |  * i. Localisable concurrence:

27. Operators a, a y commute States specified by symmetric covariance matrix Gaussian operations $ symplectic transformations of  Bosonic case Fermionic gaussian formalism Recap of gaussian state formalism… States specified by antisymmetric covariance matrix Gaussian operations $ orthogonal transformations of  Fermionic case Operators c, c y anti-commute What’s missing? A fermionic phase-space representation.

28. Fermionic phase space (1) For bosons… Eigenstates of a n are coherent states: a n |  i =  n |  i Define displacement operators: D(  )|vac i = |  i Characteristic function for state  is:  (  ) = tr(D(  )  ) For fermions… Try to define coherent states: c n |  i =  n |  i … …but hit up against anti-commutation: c n c m |  i =  m  n |  i but c n c m |  i = -c m c n |  i = -  n  m |  i Eigenvalues anti-commute!? Define gaussian state to have gaussian characteristic function:

29. Fermionic phase space (2) Solution: expand fermionic Fock space algebra to include anti- commuting numbers, or “Grassmann numbers”,  n. Coherent states and displacement operators now work: c n c m |  i = -c m c n |  i = -  n  m |  i =  m  n |  i = c n c m |  i Grassman algebra:  n  m = -  m  n )  n 2 =0; for convenience  n c m = -c m  n Grassman calculus: Characteristic function for a gaussian state is again gaussian:

30. Fermionic phase space (3) We will need another phase-space representation: the fermionic analogue of the P-representation. Essentially, it is a (Grassmannian) Fourier transform of the characteristic function. Useful because it allows us to write state  in terms of coherent states: For gaussian states:

31. Finally, What about entanglement (3) Recall bound on localisable entanglement: Substituting the P-representation for states  and  * : and expanding x n and p n in terms of c n and c n y, the calculation becomes simple since coherent states are eigenstates of c. Not very useful since bound  0 in thermodynamic limit N  1.

32. However, experimentalists are starting to build atomic analogues of quantum optical setups: e.g. atom lasers, atom beam splitters. Fermionic gaussian state formalism may become important as fermionic gaussian states and operations move into the lab. Fermionic phase space (4) Michael Wolf has used fermionic gaussian states to prove an area law for a large class of fermionic systems, in arbitrary dimensions: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 010404 (2006) Already leading to new theoretical results, e.g.:

33. Motivation and goals Time evolution of a chain Correlation and entanglement wave-packets Engineering the dynamics: solitons etc. Fermionic gaussian state formalism Conclusions Entanglement flow in multipartite systems T. S. CubittJ.I. Cirac

34. Conclusions Have shown that correlation and entanglement dynamics in a spin chain can be described by simple physics: wave-packets. Correlation dynamics can be engineered: Set parameters to produce “soliton-like” behaviour Control “soliton” velocity by adjusting parameters slowly in time Freeze correlations at desired location by quenching the system Developed fermionic gaussian state formalism, likely to become more important as experimentalists are starting to do gaussian operations on atoms in the lab (atom lasers, atomic beam- splitters…).

35. The end!