2. What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections that are caused by bacteria (germs).
Antibiotics cannot treat infections caused by viruses (such as colds and the flu).
Taking antibiotics when you don’t need them, like for a cold or flu, is a waste and will not help you get better. There is no point!

3. When are antibiotics not needed?
Most common infections are caused by viruses.
This includes all colds, most coughs, sore throats, ear infections and diarrhoea.
Antibiotics do not work against these infections.
Most of these illnesses get better themselves without antibiotics.

4. When do antibiotics work?
Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if you have an infection caused by a bacteria such as a chest infection, pneumonia or a kidney infection.
Antibiotics are life-saving for infections such as meningitis.

5. Some examples.... Antibiotics rarely needed Antibiotics may be needed
Common Cause: Virus
Common Cause: Bacteria
Head cold, runny nose, cough Sore throat, sinusitis Ear infections in children Vomiting and diarrhoea
Urine /kidney infection
Persisting cough , cough in people with chest problems , high fever or very unwell
Skin infections e.g cellulitis
Meningitis
Antibiotics rarely needed
Antibiotics may be needed

6. Why is there no point taking antibiotics for colds and flu?
Taking antibiotics when they aren’t needed might mean that they won’t work when you really need them for a serious infection.
If you take many courses of antibiotics, bacteria can change so that the antibiotic does not work against them any more.
These bacteria are said to be “resistant” to this antibiotic and are much harder to treat.

7. Why is there no point taking antibiotics for colds and flu?
Taking antibiotics when they are not needed also puts you at risk of side effects, like a rash, upset stomach or diarrhoea.

9. TREATING MY COLD OR FLU – WHAT CAN I DO?
The best way to treat most colds, coughs or sore throats is to drink plenty of fluids and get some rest.
You can take paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve headache, aches and pains and fever. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice about over-the-counter remedies.
If you are taking medicines for other conditions you must check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking other over the counter remedies

10. EXAMPLES OF OVER THE COUNTER REMEDIES
Symptoms
Treatment
Runny nose, blocked nose or congestion
Nasal decongestant spray,
Oral decongestant syrup or tablets
Menthol & Eucalyptus oil preparations
Sore throat
Honey & lemon, anaesthetic lozenges
Paracetamol or ibuprofen
Cough in an adult
Antitussive for dry cough - to stop you coughing
Mucolytic or Expectorant for chesty cough - to help you break up mucus
Fever, pain, joint or muscle aches
Paracetamol or Ibuprofen
Cough in a child
Discuss with doctor or pharmacist.

11. When should I start to feel better?
Do you know how long common illnesses last?
Ear infection
around 4 days
Sore throat
around 1 week
Common cold (runny nose)
around 1½ weeks
Sinus infection
around 2½ weeks
Cough (which often happens after a common cold)
around 3 weeks

13. 3 things to remember if you are prescribed an antibiotic
Take them exactly as prescribed.
Make sure you finish the full course, even if you begin to feel better, to get rid of the bacteria completely.
Do not ‘save’ left over antibiotics for the next time you, your child, or any other family member is sick.
Medication prescribed for you now may not be the right medicine for you again or for another person.

15. TAKING ANTIBIOTICS FOR COLDS AND FLU?
THERE’S NO POINT
Most common infections don’t need antibiotics – they get better by themselves
Taking antibiotics when you don’t need them puts your health, and your family’s health at risk
If your doctor decides that you need an antibiotic, make sure you take it exactly as prescribed
Your pharmacist can advise you on over-the-counter remedies that can help to treat many common infections

16. Where can I get further information?