1. BANGGAAN SA DAAN:
PAANO NA SI JUAN?
A CASE CONTROL STUDY ON THE EXPOSURE FACTORS LEADING TO THE OCCURRENCE OF VEHICULAR ACCIDENT RELATED INJURIES
Agustin, Aranjuez, Magat, Maglaque, Ocampo, Parco, Regalado, Serrano, Tan, Tanbonliong

2. I. Introduction A. Review of Related Literature
OUTLINE
I. Introduction
A. Review of Related Literature
B. Conceptual Framework
C. Statement of the Problem
D. Hypotheses
E. Research Objectives
F. Significance of the Study

3. II. Methodology Research Design Participants Scope and Limitations
OUTLINE
II. Methodology
Research Design
Participants
Scope and Limitations
Operational Definitions
Data Collection
Methods to Minimize Potential Biases
Methods to Minimize Sources of Error
Data Analysis
Plan for Dissemination of Results
Ethical Considerations
Timetable
Projected Cost

4. Filipinos debilitated everyday  road accidents
INTRODUCTION
Filipinos debilitated everyday  road accidents
Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc. (Jan 2006 to Dec 2006)
30.22% of non-fatal accidents
56.92% of property damage were due to private vehicles
2005 Accident Locations (Arterial Roads) by Metropolitan Road Safety Unit  6433 accidents occur at EDSA alone
Commonwealth Avenue ranks second

5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
As of the year 2000, the Department of Health (DOH) ranks it as the fifth leading cause of death and mortality in the country
vehicular accidents are prevalent in the Metro Manila  end up in fatal injuries and even death
possible outcomes of road collisions – fatality, injury, and property damage

6. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System (MMARAS)  Types of vehicles
Land Transportation Office  topmost causes of vehicular accidents here in Metro Manila

7. INTRODUCTION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Driver Exposure to factors
-Environmental Factors (Ambient lighting, surface condition of road)
-Vehicular Factors
(motorcycle, motor tricycle, car, jeepney/FX/taxi, bus, van)
-Driver Error (driving too fast, inattentiveness, bad overtaking, driving too close, disobeying traffic signs/ lights, others
Positive for Vehicular Accident Related Injury (VARIs)
Negative for Vehicular Accident Related Injury (VARIs)
Vehicular Accident:
Pertinent info from rrl – relate to conceptual framework

8. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Aims to determine whether environmental, vehicular and driver-related exposures act as risk factors for acquiring vehicular accident-related injuries (VARIs)
What is the prevalence of each type of exposure?
Among the environmental/vehicular/driver error factors, which has the strongest association with VARIs?

9. INTRODUCTION
HYPOTHESES
If the driver is exposed to certain environmental, vehicular and driver-related factors prior to the accident then there is an increased likelihood of VARIs.
driver (certain environmental factors)  increased likelihood of acquiring VARIs
exposure to certain vehicular factors and driver factors  increase acquiring VARIs.

10. Identify exposures involved with the occurrence of VARIs.
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Identify exposures involved with the occurrence of VARIs.
Identify the prevalence of each exposure.
Identify the prevalence of each factor under each type of exposure.
Rank each type of exposure according to degree of prevalence

11. Rank strength of association between VARIs and each type of exposure
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Rank each factors under each type of exposure according to degree of prevalence
Rank strength of association between VARIs and each type of exposure
Rank strength of association between VARIs and each factor under each type of exposure.

12. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Traffic accidents are highly avoidable  best to know the determinants of these unfortunate events, determine the ways to avoid them and the ways to improve the traffic system
Focus of the study
more specific in the categories of traffic collisions, the environmental factors, personal factors and type of vehicle
help formulate necessary intervention, decrease the economic cost of accidents, and possibly improve the future quality of life of drivers

13. METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN Positive for the Disease/ Condition
Occurrence of a Disease/ Condition
Positive for the Disease/ Condition
Negative for the Disease/ Condition
Identify the exposure/s suspected of causing the disease/ condition a)
Negative for Vehicular Accident Related Injuries (VARIs)
Occurrence of Vehicular Accident Related Injuries (VARIs)
Positive for Vehicular Accident Related Injuries (VARIs)
Identify the exposure/s suspected of causing VARIs b)
Figure 5. Comparison between a Case Control Study’s retrograde process (a) with this study’s research design (b)

14. EDSA and Commonwealth – main areas of the study
METHODOLOGY
PARTICIPANTS
EDSA and Commonwealth – main areas of the study
Cases - motor vehicle drivers who are involved in vehicular accidents with accompanying major and/or minor injuries
Controls - motor vehicle drivers who are involved in vehicular accidents without accompanying major and/or minor injuries

15. METHODOLOGY
PARTICIPANTS
Sampling method
All potential accident reports within the limitations and framework of the study shall be compiled from official accident reports in the Guadalupe and Commonwealth Traffic Sectors
be segregated to the cases (for nonfatal accidents with minor or major injuries to the driver) and controls (for nonfatal accidents without minor or major injuries to the driver).

16. Time period: 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009.
METHODOLOGY
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Time period: 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009.
Non-fatal vehicle-to-vehicle accidents under the jurisdiction of the Guadalupe Traffic Sector (for EDSA) and the Commonwealth Traffic Sector (for Commonwealth)
Primary data source: Official accident reports made by trained traffic police investigators in the Guadalupe and Commonwealth Traffic Sectors

17. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
METHODOLOGY
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Vehicle Parameters
Vehicular Accident
Refers to accident involving collisions between two or more vehicles
Vehicle
Refers to an engine-run transport mechanism, and is limited to the following:
Motorcycle (two-wheeled vehicle)
Motor Tricycle (three-wheeled passenger-carrying vehicle)
Car (privately-owned vehicle, including all forms of ‘private use’ small passenger-carrying vehicles)
Jeepney/Taxi/Bus (four-wheeled vehicle which carries passengers for a fee
Truck (large four or more-wheeled vehicle for delivering goods)
Van (small four-wheeled vehicle used for delivering goods)

18. METHODOLOGY OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Driver Error Parameters
Driving too fast
Refers to driving beyond the speed limit (greater than 80 km/hr) as indicated by skid marks on the road or extensive damage beyond repair to the vehicles involved, or both. Extensive damage refers to destruction of more than 50% of the vehicle, rendering it beyond economic repair
Inattentiveness
Refers to the lack of attention to driving which directly contributed to the accident as directly indicated in the written affidavit of the parties involved
Bad overtaking
Refers to the act of passing another vehicle on its passenger side without the use of signal lights which directly contributed to the accident
Driving too close
Refers to the lack of sufficient distance between cars, which is specified as follows: If the traffic runs at km/hr, there should be a 1 car distance between vehicles; from km/hr there should be a distance of 2 cars between vehicles; lastly for speed of 80 km/hr and above, there should be a distance of 3 cars between vehicles.
Disobeying traffic signs/ Traffic lights
Refers to the act of purposely violating traffic signs or traffic lights which directly contributed to the accident as judged by the police investigator.
Others
Refers to other human error factors which do not fall under the preceding variables.

19. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
METHODOLOGY
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Environmental Parameters
Ambient light
Refers to the amount of illumination available in the area of the accident during its occurrence as indicated by the attending traffic enforcer, and consists of the following:
Daylight (natural-occurring illumination from a fully-risen sun)
Dawn/Dusk (illumination during sunrise and sunset, where the sunlight is partially available)
Lit night (illumination during night, coming primarily from nearby street lights)
Unlit night (illumination during night, in the absence of nearby street lights)
Surface condition
Refers to the state of the road in the area of the accident during its occurrence as indicated by the attending traffic enforcer, and consists of the following:
Dry (normal state of the road, without the presence of water or mud)
Wet (damp or soggy road, with water levels not exceeding 3/4ths of the vehicle tire)
Muddy (road with the presence of wet and soft earth)
Flooded (road with water levels exceeding 3/4ths of the vehicle tire)

20. METHODOLOGY
DATA COLLECTION

21. METHODOLOGY
DATA COLLECTION

22. METHODS TO MINIMIZE POTENTIAL BIASES
METHODOLOGY
METHODS TO MINIMIZE POTENTIAL BIASES
Rater bias
Official accident reports filled up by designated police investigators who have underwent the Traffic Accident Investigation Course
Consider the investigator
Instrument bias
DPWH-crafted police report

23. METHODS TO MINIMIZE SOURCES OF ERROR
METHODOLOGY
METHODS TO MINIMIZE SOURCES OF ERROR
EDSA and Commonwealth have similar characteristics, such as the same types of vehicles that run through them, the same number of lanes and volume of traffic
Data collection methods were standardized

24. METHODOLOGY
DATA ANALYSIS
Odds ratio between the outcome and each of the available exposure factors (OR = AD/BC)
Ranked in order to determine which exposure factor has the greatest correlation with the outcome

25. PLAN FOR DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
METHODOLOGY
PLAN FOR DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
Presented to the general academic community
A copy of the study output will be given to the MMDA and to other traffic-related bodies
Used as a reference for preventive interventions against possible fatal and untimely accidents along major roads and highways

26. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
METHODOLOGY
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The use of the data from the official accident reports solely for the purposes of the study
The protection and right to privacy of the identities of the parties involved in the accidents described in the accident reports

27. METHODOLOGY TIMETABLE MONTH October November December January February
March
April
May
WEEK 1 2 3 4
Activity
1. Preparation
a. Establish definitions
b. Prepare a letter of request
c. Scout for the different precincts along EDSA and Commonwealth Avenue
d. Prepare a letter of request for access to records
e. Finalize proposal and present to for approval
2. Data-gathering
a. Gather data from the EDSA and Commonwealth police precincts
b. Gather information needed from the raw data
c. Conduct needed statistical analyses from the data acquired

28. METHODOLOGY PROJECTED COSTS Item (price) Quantity Total price
Transportation (gas)
Paper and Printing
Others
~Php 1,000.00
Php
Php
TOTAL
PHP 1,800.00