1. Kingdom PROTISTA: What are protists?
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes have a Nucleus and many organelles!
Defined by exclusion –
Cannot be classified as plants, animals or fungi
Diverse in body, obtaining food, and movement

2. How did eukaryotes evolve?
Probably evolved 2 billion years ago
Arose through endosymbiosis
One organism lives inside another organism
Photosynthetic prokaryote lived inside another prokaryote chloroplast
Aerobic prokaryote lived inside another prokaryote mitochondrion
cDNA and mDNA is similar to Bacteria DNA

3. How did eukaryotes evolve?

4. PROTISTA characteristics: body plans
Most are unicellular (example, Paramecium)
Some small multicellular colonies (example, Volvox)
Some large multicellular colonies (example, kelp)
paramecium
volvox
kelp

5. PROTISTA characteristics: obtaining food
Some protists are autotrophs
Absorb energy of sun through pigments
Make their own food through photosynthesis
light energy + 6H20 + 6CO2 C6 H O2

6. PROTISTA characteristics: obtaining food
Other protists are heterotrophs
Get their food by eating other organisms
Release energy by cellular respiration
C6 H O2 6H20 + 6CO2 + energy(ATP)

7. PROTISTA characteristics: motility
Some move with long, whip-like flagella
Others move with shorter cilia
Others move by extended pseudopodia
pseudopodia
flagella
cilia

8. PROTISTA asexual reproduction
Most protists reproduce asexually
Binary fission  1 cell divides into 2 equal size cells
Multiple fission  1 cell divides into more than 2
How do the offspring compare?
Offspring are genetically identical to parent
Similarity is created by the process of mitosis

9. PROTISTA sexual reproduction
Some protists can reproduce sexually
Protist conjugation  2 cells join, exchange DNA
How do the offspring compare?
Resulting offspring are genetically unique
Uniqueness is created by the process of meiosis

10. Animal-like PROTISTA Move like animals
Heterotrophic: obtain food like animals
NOT closely evolutionarily linked to animals

11. Animal-like PROTISTA Phylum Protozoa
Body plan: unicellular
Motility: form pseudopodia
Heterotrophic: absorb food by endocytosis
pseudopod

12. Animal-like PROTISTA Phylum Protozoa

13. Animal-like PROTISTA Phylum Ciliophora
cilia
Body plan: unicellular
Motility: cilia beat in waves
Heterotrophic: cilia sweep food into mouth

14. Animal-like PROTISTA Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Body plan: unicellular
Motility: one or more flagella
Heterotrophic or parasitic
Some cause disease
Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness
Giardia contaminates water

15. Fly takes up blood and injects trypanosomes
Epimastigotes reproduce by mitosis in the salivary gland and transform → trypanosomes
Trypanosomes enter bloodstream
Trypanosomes reproduce by mitosis in blood and spinal fluid
Promastigotes leave the fly gut and transform → epimastigotes
Fly takes up blood and trypanosomes
In fly gut, trypanosomes transform → promastigotes and reproduce by mitosis
Trypanosomes spread in circulatory and nervous systems

16. Animal-like PROTISTA Phylum Apicomplexa
Body plan: unicellular
Motility: no means of locomotion
All are parasitic
Some cause disease
Plasmodium causes malaria
Cryptosporidium contaminates water

17. Oocysts grow, rupture, release sporozoites
Mosquito takes up blood and injects sporozoites
Schizonts transform → merozoites.Liver cells rupture
Sporozoites invade liver cells
Sporozoites transform → schizonts
Ookinete invades mosquito gut, transforms → oocyst
Mosquito takes in ♂ and ♀ gametocytes
Asexual route: merozoites → schizonts → merozoites → blood cells rupture
Merozoites invade blood cells
Zygote transforms → ookinete
Sexual route: some merozoites transform → gametocytes
In mosquito stomach, ♂ gamete penetrates ♀ gamete → zygote

18. Fungus-like PROTISTA Often called molds but NOT in Kingdom Fungi
Protist cell walls are composed of cellulose
Fungi cell walls are composed of chitin

19. Fungus-like PROTISTA Phylum Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
Body plan: unicellular or multicellular
Mobile and stationary life stages

20. Fungus-like PROTISTA Phylum Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
Mobile stage of life cycle
Forms plasmodium: mass of cytoplasm
Creeps by amoeboid-like streaming
Consumes decaying plants by endocytosis

21. Fungus-like PROTISTA Phylum Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
Stationary stage of life cycle
Reproduces when food is scarce
Forms sporophores: spore-bearing structures

22. Fungus-like PROTISTA Phylum Oomycota (water molds)
Body plan: unicellular and multicellular
Motility: flagella
Parasitize fish and many crop plants

23. Plant-like PROTISTA Autotrophic: obtain food like plants
Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

24. Plant-like PROTISTA Four basic body plans1
unicellular
known as phytoplankton 2
colonial
coordinated group of cells 3
filamentous
slender, stringy 4
multicellular
often large and complex

25. Plant-like PROTISTA Types of pigments
chlorophyll
phycobilin
fucoxanthin
carotenoid
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light
Other pigments absorb other wavelengths
√ Efficient photosynthesis

26. Pigments Chlorophyll – green Phycobilin – blue-green, yellow, and red
Fucoxanthin – brown and olive-green
Carotenoid – red, orange, and yellow

27. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)
Diverse body forms: all four
Diverse habitats: aquatic, moist terrestrial, symbiotic relationships
Pigments: chlorophyll and carotenoids
Share common ancestor with plants?
(same pigments and cell wall composition)

28. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Body form: multicellular
Pigments: chlorophyll and fucoxanthin
Habitat: cold, nutrient-rich, rocky coasts
Some of the largest algae known

29. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)
Body form: multicellular
Pigments: chlorophyll and phycobilin
Phycobilin can absorb deep-penetrating light
Rhodophyta can live at great depths

30. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Body form: unicellular or colonial
Pigments: chlorophyll, carotenoids, fucoxanthin
2-piece shells have radial or bilateral symmetry
Important role as producers in food web

31. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Dinoflagelleta (dinoflagellates)
Body form: unicellular
Pigments: chlorophyll and carotenoids
Some species produce a red tide
Turn water reddish during population explosion
Red tide toxin can kill large numbers of fish

32. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)
Body form: unicellular and colonial
Pigments: chlorophyll, carotenoids, fucoxanthin
Resistant cysts allow survival beneath frozen lakes in winter and dry lakes in summer
Store surplus energy as oil

33. Plant-like PROTISTA Phylum Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
Body form: unicellular
Pigments: chlorophyll, carotenoids
Autotrophic (photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (eyespot and flagellum)