1. Ch. 2 “A Living Planet”

2. Ch. 2.1 “The Earth Inside and Out”

3. The Solar System
Nine (Eight) planets and other celestial bodies that revolve around a sun
Earth is 3rd planet

4. Earth’s Structure Core: solid, very hot, made of iron and nickel
Mantle: molten rock aka. magma
Crust: made of tectonic plates
Plates that rise above ocean waters form the 7 Continents

5. Above Ground Atmosphere: layer of gases that surround earth
Lithosphere: solid rock surface
Hydrosphere: water elements
Ecosphere/Biosphere: plants and animals

6. “Continental Drift Theory”

7. “Sea Floor Spreading” One of the causes continental drift.
Occurs over millions of years
Magma

8. Ch. 2.2 “Bodies of Water and Landforms”

9. Oceans and Seas Oceans: interconnected body of salt water
Covers 71% of planet
3 basic motions:
Current
Waves
Tides

10. Lakes, Rivers, Streams Lakes: Hold 95% of all fresh water
Can be both fresh and salt water (Great Salt Lake)
Rivers and Streams feed water to oceans and lakes
Drainage basin: area drained by rivers and streams

11. “Hydrologic Cycle” Continuous circulation of water between the:
Oceans, Lakes
Atmosphere
Earth

12. Ground Water Water that is held in pores of rock Water table
The level at which the rock is saturated

13. Landforms Naturally formed features on the earth 2 kinds: Oceanic
Continental

14. Oceanic Landforms Seafloor has same features except below water
Continental Shelf: edge of continent to deep part of ocean

15. Continental Landforms
Relief: difference in elevation from lowest to highest point

16. Ch. 2.3 “Internal Forces that shape the earth”

17. Plate Tectonics Pieces of earths crust that float on magma
Interaction of plates is what shapes the earth

18. Plate Boundaries
Plate Boundaries: where plates come in contact with one another
3 Types
Divergent
Convergent
Transform

19. Divergent boundary plates move apart or spread
Example is sea floor spreading
Magma

20. Convergent Boundary Plates collide and either: Dive under one another
Rip up
Fault: fracture in the earths crust
Fig 1
Fig 2

21. Transform boundary Plates slide past one another
Earthquake: violent movement of plates

22. Earthquakes Epicenter: surface mark of quakes beginning
Richter scale: measures amount of energy released by an earthquake.
Tsunami: giant wave

23. Volcanoes Where magma (lava) pours out of earth onto the surface
Ring of Fire: volcanic zone around the rim of Pacific Ocean

24. Ch. 2.4 “External Forces Shaping the earth”

25. Weathering
The mechanical-(physical) and chemical process that changes earth
Break down rock to form sediment
2 forms:
A. Mechanical
B. Chemical

26. Mechanical Weathering
Process that breaks rock into smaller pieces
Ice crystals, plant roots, drilling are all examples

27. Chemical Weathering
When rock is changed into new substance after reacting to air or water
Ex: iron rust

28. Erosion The movement of weathered material 3 Kinds: A. Water B. Wind
C. Glacier

29. Water Erosion
Movement of material through the motion of water flow through streams, rivers, ocean currents
-when a river enters the ocean, sediment is deposited in fan-like landforms called deltas

30. Wind Erosion
Movement of material through the wind

31. Deposits New landforms are created by loess-
Wind-blown silt and clay sediment that produces fertile soil.

32. Glacial Erosion Glacier: large, long lasting mass of ice
Glaciation: changing of landforms by slow moving glaciers
Ridges or hills formed by glacial rocks are called a moraine.

33. Building Soil
Weathering and erosion are part of the process of “building soil”
Soil is comprised of rock, humus, air, and water
Humus: organic material
Organic: deriving from plant or animal matter