1. CONTENTS Review 4-1 Past participle 4-2 Forms of the present perfect
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-5 Using since and for
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore
4-9 Past perfect

2. Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.
Review and Preview
PRESENT AND PAST VERBS
take be
give
find
love be
Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.
Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her
grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter.
Jenna _____ very good care her dog.
He __ a great dog.
loves is
gave
found
takes is

3. She has forgotten his name.
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
She has forgotten his name.

4. past perfect tense present perfect tense
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
finish
stop
wait
finished
stopped
waited
finished
stopped
waited
REGULAR VERBS
see
make
put
saw
made
put
seen
made
put
IRREGULAR VERBS
past perfect tense
present perfect tense

5. stopped stop stopped go went gone take took write wrote taken written
4-1 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
stopped
stop go
take
write
stopped
went
took
wrote
gone
taken
written

6. He has finished all his work.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
He has finished all his work.

7. (a) I have worked very hard this year.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) I have worked very hard this year.
(b) The students have worked hard.
(c) Alex has worked very hard.
STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

8. (d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home. (e) She’s/He’s gone home.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.
(e) She’s/He’s gone home.
(f) It’s been hot all week.
CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve
pronoun + has =k’s

9. (g) I have not gone home yet. (h) Fatima has not gone home.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I have not gone home yet.
(h) Fatima has not gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

10. (g) I haven’t gone home yet. (h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I haven’t gone home yet.
(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t

11. (i) Have you read the report?
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(i) Have you read the report?

12. (k) How long have you worked there?
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(j) Has Marcy gone home?
(k) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION :
have/has + subject + past participle

13. No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(l)
No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages.
Have you read all of this article?
SHORT ANSWER:
have/haven’t

14. Has Kyung finished her homework?
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(m)
Has Kyung finished her homework?
Yes, she has. She did it after school.
SHORT ANSWER:
has/hasn’t

15. ___________________ a snake? Have you ever touched
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
you
touch
ever
___________________ a snake?
Have you ever touched

16. No, ________________ I’ve never touched a snake. PRESENT PERFECT touch
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
touch
never
No,
________________
I’ve never touched
a snake.

17. _________________ a shark?
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Justin
see
ever
Has Justin ever seen
_________________ a shark?

18. Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa.
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,
has
South Africa.

19. Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
Tyler has taken his first steps.
Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

20. MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED
BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME

21. (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
occurred before now or
sometime in the past

22. (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
now
before now X X
time?

23. (d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times

24. (d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
now
before now X X X X

25. MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN
IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE
PRESENT.

26. (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
(g) I have played the violin for six years.
I learned to play six years ago, and I still play it.
since
for
present perfect +
past
present

27. x x x MEANING #2: (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. 8:00 now
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2:
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
now
8:00 x x x

28. Kyung has already taken the test.
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
Kyung has already taken the test.
MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time.
OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present.

29. I’ve been studying since 8 AM.
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
I’ve been studying since 8 AM.
MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time
OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present

30. Rosa has been to Italy three times.
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
Rosa has been to Italy three times.
MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time
OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present

31. I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish
when I was a child.
I have had many other
fish since then.

32. (a) They completed the game at 4:00.
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
specific time
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.
unspecified time

33. (c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
specific time
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.
unspecified time

34. (e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
for activity began & ended in past
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.
(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days.
for / since activity began & continues

35. ? We have been in Tokyo many times. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE ?
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
We have been in Tokyo
many times.
PRESENT PERFECT
UNSPECIFIED

36. ? Barry has never been to Tokyo. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME PRESENT
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE ?
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
Barry has never been to Tokyo.
PRESENT
PERFECT
UNSPECIFIED

37. ? Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE ?
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
Gina went to Tokyo
last month.
SPECIFIED
SIMPLE PAST

38. I have been here since 6:00 AM.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM.

39. since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2006.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2006.
since May 9, 2007.
since yesterday.
since last week.
(a) I have worked here
Since
Specific point in time

40. (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
present perfect + since
(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
present progressive NOT used

41. (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
present perfect + since
(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
simple present NOT used

42. (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
present perfect + since
(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.
simple past NOT used

43. (f) I have known her since I was fifteen.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
MAIN CLAUSE
(present perfect)
SINCE-CLAUSE
(simple past)
(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.
(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
Since
time clause

44. for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. for about six weeks.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
for fifty minutes.
for five hours.
for ten days.
for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
(h) I have worked here
For
length of time

45. (i) I have worked here for twelve years.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(i) I have worked here for twelve years.
I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.
present perfect + for + length of time
past present
(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.
simple past
past present

46. Mary has been playing the piano since ___________. she was six
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
3 hours
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
since ___________.
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
for ___________.
three hours

47. Alejandro has studied English since ________________.
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
he started school
15 years
Alejandro has studied English
since ________________.
he started school
Alejandro has studied English
for __________________.
fifteen years

48. I have driven a taxi _____ 2006. since
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
for
since
I have driven a taxi _____
since
My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.
for

49. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Dee has been working
for ten hours.

50. (a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) Dee has been working since
6 o’clock.
(b) She has been working for
ten hours.
STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing

51. (c) How long has she been working?
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(c) How long has she been working?
QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing

52. duration of time not mentioned
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned
Mary has been playing the piano right now.

53. (e) Mary has been playing since noon.
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(e) Mary has been playing since noon.
(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
began in past
in progress right now
time expressed
Mary is playing the piano since noon.

54. (g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.
(i) CORRECT: She has owned it
for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.
non-action verbs progressive tenses

55. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
use
My sister _________ the phone.
is using
She _____________ it for three
hours. I need to make a call.
has been using

56. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
dance
Her parents __________.
They ________________
together for over thirty years.
are dancing
have been dancing

57. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE go
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?
I am ______ to the beach.
I ______________ to the beach
going
going
have been going
every summer since I was a child.

58. They have been hiking for several days.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
These guys are hiking.
They have been hiking for several days.

59. (a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
duration of present activities,
action verbs
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past

60. (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.

61. (d) The guys have known each other for ten years.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) The guys have known each other for
ten years.
(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing
each other for ten years.
duration of present activities,
non-action verbs

62. (f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR
(g) I have studied medicine for one year.
same meaning

63. (h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(h) Rolf has been running every day since he
was a child. OR
Rolf has run every day since he was a child.
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay

64. (i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I
visited Mexico. OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay

65. How long ___ your family ______ here?
4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
live
How long ___ your family ______ here?
We __________ here for ten years.
has
lived
have lived

66. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
live
How long ___ your family _________ here?
We _____________ here for ten years.
has
been living
have been living

67. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
I already fed the dog.

68. (a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. I already fed the dog.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago.
I already fed the dog.
happened before now
Position: midsentence

69. (b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t fed him yet.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
YET
(b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t fed him yet.
did not happen before now
Position: end of sentence

70. (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL
(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.

71. (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL
(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.
situation continues to exist
Position: midsentence

72. (f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired. I don’t work anymore.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ANYMORE
(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired.
I don’t work anymore.
does not continue
Position: end of sentence

73. (a) I already fed the dog.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
affirmative
sentences
(a) I already fed the dog.
YET
(b) I haven’t fed him yet.
negative
sentences
ANYMORE
(f) I don’t work anymore.
STILL
affirmative
or negative
sentences
(c) He is still hungry.
(e) It still isn’t raining.

74. She doesn’t have any money. She _______ spent it all. already
4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
already
yet
still
anymore
She doesn’t have any money.
She _______ spent it all.
already

75. I did some homework, but I ______ have more to do. still
4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
already
yet
still
anymore
I did some homework, but I
______ have more to do.
still

76. 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
We used to be friends, but we had an argument. We don’t like each other ________.
anymore
already
yet
still
anymore

77. When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.
4-9 PAST PERFECT
When they arrived
at the store, it had
already closed.

78. (a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.
4-9 PAST PERFECT
(a) When they arrived at the store, it had
already closed.
two events in the past
1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past

79. (b) The store had already closed when they arrived.
4-9 PAST PERFECT
(b) The store had already closed when
they arrived.
FORM: had + past participle

80. I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d
4-9 PAST PERFECT
(c) It’d closed.
She’d gone home.
He’d gone home.
They’d gone home.
We’d gone home.
You’d gone home.
CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

81. PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT (d) I’m not cooking now.
before
now
before
noon
noon
now X X X X
(d) I’m not cooking now.
I’ve already ordered
pizza.
(e) I was not cooking at noon.
I had already ordered
pizza.
occurred before now,
at an unspecified time
occurred before another time in the past

82. PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT (f) I was waiting when
began
waiting
arrived
pizza
pizza
arrived
he came
home X X X X
(f) I was waiting when
the pizza arrived.
(g) The pizza had arrived
when he came home.
in progress at a particular
time in the past
completed before a
particular time in the past

83. 1st 2nd I had already gone to bed when it started snowing.
4-9 PAST PERFECT
I had already gone to bed
when it started snowing.
1st
2nd
a. it started snowing ____
b. I went to bed ____
2nd
1st

84. 1st 2nd I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed.
4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
I tried to go shopping, but the
store had closed.
a. store closed ____
b. tried to go shopping ____
1st
2nd

85. 1st 2nd A friend called to suggest a good movie.
4-9 PAST PERFECT
A friend called to suggest a good movie.
She had seen it last Friday.
1st
2nd
a. the friend saw the movie ____
b. the friend called ____
1st
2nd

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PHOTO CREDITS
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