1. Biorefinery enables cost effective feedstocks Groene chemie, Rotterdam, 1 November 2011 Johan Sanders Professor Valorisation of Plant Production Chains Wageningen University and Research center

2. Qualitative example of Biorefinery Rotterdam (700PJ) corn wheat corn wheat cassava chips diesel fuel DDGS soybeans rapeseed jatropha seed soybeans rapeseed jatropha seed Medium protein 1 st residues - DDGS Medium protein 1 st residues - DDGS starch C6 sugars oil glycerol biodiesel press cake (high protein) press cake (high protein) protein lignocellulose (LC) lignocellulose (LC) C6 sugars C5 sugars O-chemicals fermentation products lignin animal feed N-chemicals fuel ethanol lactic acid 49.6 Mt raw materials converted to: - fuels 5.5 + 6 + 1 = 12.5 Mt - chemicals 2 + 2 + 2.5 + 0.5 + 1 + 1.5 = 9.5 Mt - animal feed 2 Mt - syngas 3 Mt - electricity 3800 MW electr. plant oils ethanol ethylene propylene fuel ethanol ethanol 15 8 4 3 9 6 5 18 3 6 1.2 6 glycerol 0.6 0.6 methanol 6 18 11 torrefied LC pyrolysis oil 7 2 0.5 2 2 5.5 2.5 0.5 10 syngas 5 6 2 1 3.5 5 1.5 2 1 3 3800 MW 3000 MW 800 MW 3 1.5 2 2 O D D D O R R O O O’ O O: operation D: development R: research

3. From side stream to bulk product Text: 28 pt Arial Unicode MS, not bold this is 24 pt, sizes have been tested Accentuation colours test and surfaces: Main colours: petroleum blue and green Supporting colours: orange-yellow and orange Start: via menu Insert, New Slide Save: always with option Embed True Type

4. Different options for optimisation of agricultural waste streams Protein content 05 %15 %35 %50 % Examples Wheat straw Cocoa husks Corn stover Sugarcane leaves Coffee pulp Rape straw Beet leaves Rape mealSoy meal Costs(€/ton) 50-8050-110100-140150-180300-350 Value (€/ton) as raw material: electricity 8580 75 ethanol 25-50 15-3010-20 ethanol + protein 25-5045-70105-130175-190250-260 idem + hemicell.+ lignin 70100145195260 idem + hemicell.+ minerals 75110155205265

5. The route to NMP, new vs conventional New route Conventional route Glutamic acidNMP Amino acids contain N and O.  Less steps (= factories) & energy for the same product! step 1step 2

6. N-ergy Waste  aspartic + arginin Chemicals Food

7. Multiproduct second generation biorefinary Income per tonne rape meal (€/ton) ProductMassIncome € Protein300240 Amino acids10030 Animal feed200100 Ethanol(200)(20) Fibres10020 PO 4 2010 Lignocellulose20010 Total920330-410 Costs rape meal = 180 €/tonne

8. Integrated production of chemicals & power Rape meal Protein + K Agricultural residues NaOH Ca(OH) 2 95 °C 1 day Fibres Amino acids Lignocellulose Amino acids + phosphate Recalc.lignocellulose Ca(lactate) 2 heat Ferm Ca(lactate) 2 Recalcitrant Lignocellulose CaO Heat Cellulase Ferm Ethanol CHP Prec Electricity Waste paper/CaCO 3 BBE parc Cuijk & Renkum

9. 36 kton glutamic acid  23 kton NMP (~2500 € / ton) = 58 M€/y 500 Million liters bioethanol (~ 400 kton) =200M€ 360 kton DDGS (~130 € / ton) = 46M€ Biobased NMP, an example

10. Our daily food needs a twenty fold higher energy input NL fossil 3.300 PJ EU fossil 85.000 PJ Dutch Agriculture 475 Net Import 160 Greenhouses/Food 100 Transportion Food Other Agriculture 60 Household 165 Food Industry 150 2500 kcal/day = 55 PJ 100 Biomass NL 635 PJ EU 20.000 PJ Fossil NL 575 PJ EU 20.000 PJ EU 1.800 PJ

11. Development of Dutch BbE can be build on Dutch pilars: Agriculture, Chemistry, Ports.

12. From side stream to bulk product Text: 28 pt Arial Unicode MS, not bold this is 24 pt, sizes have been tested Accentuation colours test and surfaces: Main colours: petroleum blue and green Supporting colours: orange-yellow and orange Start: via menu Insert, New Slide Save: always with option Embed True Type

13. Glutamic acid – industrial raw material Diaminobutane Acrylonitrile N-Methylpyrrolidone N-Vinylpyrrolidone Glutamic acid NWO-ACTS (ASPECT)

14. Glutamic acid in byproduct streams

15. Output (kton/y) Investment (M€) Turnover (M€/y) Investment/ton (€) Turnover/investment (€/€) Neste Oil8007604809500.63 2 nd generation ethanol 1753008717000.30 2 nd generation multi product 3015125000.8 Small scale can be competitive