1. Professor Gilly Salmon & Sandra Romenska Beyond Distance Research Alliance University of Leicester, UK

2. From Tale of Two Cities - (1859) by Charles Dickens. It’s the first line of the book It was the best of times... It was the worst of times... Foreshadowing is a technique used by authors to provide clues for the reader to be able to predict what might occur later in the story. Red Herrings A hint that is designed to mislead the ‘audience’ is referred to as a red herring. An example of foreshadowing is the self- fulfilling prophecy - that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true

19. HINDSIGHT INSIGHT FORESIGHT How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? What are the current trends, enablers, disruptions and barriers? How can we use this knowledge to prepare for the next 10 years?

20. How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? Learners today are different than 10 years ago. The change in students’ profile was anticipated but the nature of the change was not. E-learning has become wide-spread as expected. E-learning is much more accessible than anticipated 10 years ago, accommodating the needs of people with disabilities or learners who are disadvantaged. Higher education institutions have much less than expected leverage on decisions about educational content. Students rely heavily on educational content from the web – unexpectedly. Learners today are different than 10 years ago. The change in students’ profile was anticipated but the nature of the change was not. E-learning has become wide-spread as expected. E-learning is much more accessible than anticipated 10 years ago, accommodating the needs of people with disabilities or learners who are disadvantaged. Higher education institutions have much less than expected leverage on decisions about educational content. Students rely heavily on educational content from the web – unexpectedly.

21. How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? The Bologna process has changed (unified) assessment processes – unexpectedly. An unexpected consequence of the Bologna process is that it has reduced students’ mobility. Students today are “tied up” to their institution as they are required to satisfy the requirements of their home university. More students than anticipated are able to pay themselves for their studies. They have become more demanding in the position of customers. Students are staying in education much longer than expected – an MBA can be prolonged over 4 years. University students have developed different (better) attitudes to managing their own learning in a more reflective and self-directed way – unexpectedly. The Bologna process has changed (unified) assessment processes – unexpectedly. An unexpected consequence of the Bologna process is that it has reduced students’ mobility. Students today are “tied up” to their institution as they are required to satisfy the requirements of their home university. More students than anticipated are able to pay themselves for their studies. They have become more demanding in the position of customers. Students are staying in education much longer than expected – an MBA can be prolonged over 4 years. University students have developed different (better) attitudes to managing their own learning in a more reflective and self-directed way – unexpectedly.

22. How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? The share of informal learning has increased. New technologies for learning have become unexpectedly widely used – such as podcasting, virtual worlds and others. Mobile learning has caught on – unexpectedly. The power of the omniscient professors – who always “know best” – is crumbling down. Unexpectedly, their ideas and knowledge are being questioned. Specialisation in a domain of knowledge happens earlier than anticipated, leading to the emergence of “young experts”. The emergence of open educational resources is completely unanticipated. The share of informal learning has increased. New technologies for learning have become unexpectedly widely used – such as podcasting, virtual worlds and others. Mobile learning has caught on – unexpectedly. The power of the omniscient professors – who always “know best” – is crumbling down. Unexpectedly, their ideas and knowledge are being questioned. Specialisation in a domain of knowledge happens earlier than anticipated, leading to the emergence of “young experts”. The emergence of open educational resources is completely unanticipated.

23. What are the current trends, enablers, disruptions and barriers? Trends and enablers are web-based learning, the change in learning processes and de-institutionalision of learning – the emergence of informal learning and the possibility to mix information to create knowledge for learning. Deep learning is moving to previously “elite” niches, social learning is gaining importance, learning spaces are redesigned, diversity of views and backgrounds is blossoming. Disruptions & Barriers are increasing demands for privacy control, access to some resources only by the few, preferences for lean learning, dominance of quick-fix approaches, aimed at passing exams only, business and marketplace mentality, virtualisation of human relationships, rising cost of learning and outdates skills for communication and learning. Trends and enablers are web-based learning, the change in learning processes and de-institutionalision of learning – the emergence of informal learning and the possibility to mix information to create knowledge for learning. Deep learning is moving to previously “elite” niches, social learning is gaining importance, learning spaces are redesigned, diversity of views and backgrounds is blossoming. Disruptions & Barriers are increasing demands for privacy control, access to some resources only by the few, preferences for lean learning, dominance of quick-fix approaches, aimed at passing exams only, business and marketplace mentality, virtualisation of human relationships, rising cost of learning and outdates skills for communication and learning.

24. HINDSIGHT INSIGHT FORESIGHT How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? How has learning changed in recent years What happened to learning that you expected? What happened differently from your expectation? What are the current trends, enablers, disruptions and barriers? How can we use this knowledge to prepare for the next 10 years?

26. Never doubt the power of a small group of people to change the world. Nothing else ever has. Margaret Mead Be the change you want to see in the world Mahatma Ghandi 5 October, 2014 26 Gilly Salmon EDEN No budgets or humans were harmed in the making of this presentation Every society honors its live conformists and its dead troublemakers." Mignon McLaughlin Please leave your business card for a write-up to be e mailed to you