1. The ongoing biomimesis of process engineering Edward F Leonard Columbia University in the City of New Yor,k

2. The growth of American chemical engineering in the 20th century included Great growth in systems approaches to process engineering and process control. Large expansion of chemical engineering approaches to the understanding of biological processes, industrial and medical. The largest single growth component in the American industrial and service economies of the 20 th century was health care. Sten Jørgensen contributed importantly to both of these.

3. The largest single growth component in the American industrial and service economies of the 21st century is likely to address energy and environmental concerns Can the activities of chemical engineers in process engineering and control and in the analysis and control of biological processes interact to address these new targets?

4. Energy: Far greater recognition of energy storage and conservation of free energy. Development of CO2 neutral or CO2 negative energy flows Centralized production of high energy compounds coupled to localized energy transduction and entropy generation. What are these targets (I)?

5. Environmental: Minimization of chemical plant footprint. Safety Waste disposal Ground water and atmospheric consequences Reduction of hazardous materials transport. Product engineering Reduced environmental impact at point of use Sustainability What are these targets (II)?

6. What are these targets (III)? Resource Management Water purification; ground water beneficiation Carbon fixation The importance of environmentally positive systems, not only environmentally positive elements. All biological systems evolved within the terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric environments. They have “experience” in what we are trying to do.

7. Example I : Biological reaction networks as models of chemical system energy transduction Synthesis of general-purpose high energy compounds. Catalyst-directed use of free energy along specified pathways. Serial processes that sense product inventory and regulate earliest step. (Minimize in-process inventory) Just-in-time synthesis

8. Example II: Organs and artificial organs as models of process intensification. Segregation of reaction systems with membranes. Use of high surface/volume ratios Extensive use of carrier molecules Use of circulation to synchronize separate reaction systems

9. Sten has been there for all that brings us here... Seriously

10. But not always so …

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