1. The Animal Kingdom

2. Characteristics of AnimalsX
Multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophic
Gametic Life Cycle (dipoid/meiosis/gametes/fertilization/zygote/
embryo with 3 cell layers (not in all)
Are motile at some stage of development
Have no cell walls
Symmetry (body form) radial or bilateral
Cephalization in some (head end w/nerve tissue)
Type of gut – sac-like with only mouth;
complete digestive tract

3. Animal Kingdom – Phylogenetic Tree

4. Phylum Phoronida
Phoronida - one of the smallest and least familiar phyla; there are about twelve living species.
Phoronids -- or "horseshoe worms," as they are sometimes called -- abundant in shallow marine sediments at certain localities.
Phoronids are elongated and worm- shaped, but the gut loops and ends close to the mouth, instead of passing straight through the body as in annelids and many other wormlike organisms.
The mouth is surrounded by the ciliated feeding structure known as a lophophore.
Live in tubes created by worm – tube worms

5. Classification Criteria
Embryology –
development
Biochemistry –
metabolic “pathways” similarity
Genetics – DNA analysis

6. Subkingdoms Parazoa – lacking tissues -not microscopic
Sponges (Porifera)
Mesozoa – no tissues/organs…primitive parasites
(small, worm-like, cells, parasitize
cephalopods, echinoderms, mollusks)
Eumetazoa – true tissues in germ layers and organs (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
All other animal phyla

7. Possible Ancestors of Animals??
Codosiga – a protozoan – called a choanofagellate – has a structure similar to choanocytes in sponges

8. Proterospongia This colonial protozoan is studied by zoologists
because of intercellular
signaling and adhesion

9. Sponges – Phylum Poriferax
Means pore-bearing
No true tissues – specialized cells
Asymmetrical
Adults sessile; larvae motile
“Zoophytes”
Types:
Simple – Ascon
Corrugated – Sycon
Complex - Leucon

11. Ascon (simple sac type)
Osculum
Water flow

12. Cell Types of Sponges (no tissues)
Epidermal – flattened -cover sponge surface - protection
Choanocytes – collar cells – flagellated -trap food/engulf – line spongocoel
Porocytes – cells on either side of incurrent pores
Amoebocytes – amoeba like – digest food & distribute – in mesoglea layer
Amoebocytes – also make silica based spicules and spongin (structural protein),
and function in reproduction

13. Body of sponge stiffened by: 1. Spicules (CaCO3, silica)
Sponge “Support”
Body of sponge stiffened by:
1. Spicules (CaCO3, silica)
2. Tough protein fibers - spongin

14. Spicules

15. Other Significant Structures
Osculum – large opening – at top – water flows out of sponge
Ostia – aka incurrent pores

16. Reproductive Modes Sexual Reproduction
1. Hermaphroditic – eggs/sperm produced
on same animal
2. Gametes produced in mesenchyme
layer – special amoebocytes
3. Some species x-fertilize; some self
4. Zygote grows by mitosis – larvae
flagellated – swims then sessile
Asexual Reproduction
Budding on parent; Gemmae internally

17. Sycon Sponges

18. Leucon Sponges - solitary

19. Leucon Sponges - Encrusting

20. Gemmules - Asexual
Cluster of amoebocytes w/ spicules

21. Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

22. Class: Scyphozoa - Jellyfish Class: Anthozoa – Corals, Sea Anemone,
Eumetazoa (true tissues) Phylum Cnidaria ( Coelenterates) “Stinging celled animals”
Class: Hydrozoa – Hydroids
Class: Scyphozoa - Jellyfish
Class: Anthozoa – Corals, Sea Anemone,
Sea Fans

23. Polyp and Medusa Forms

24. Cnidaria - Body Forms

25. Hydra

26. Structure of Hydra

27. Epidermis –outer layer -protection
Tissues – 2 true layers
Ectoderm
Epidermis –outer layer -protection
(special cells – form ovary, testes-
zygote forms flagellated larva –planula)
Asexual by budding
Cnidoblasts – stinging cells - Nematocysts are stingers
Mesoglea – gelatinous layer- not cellular; has
Nerve cells – form nerve network; in contact
w/ epidermis, gastrodermis
Contractile fibers – movement

28. Cnidoblast/Nematocyst

29. Endoderm Gastrodermis – for nutrition; lines the
gastrovascular cavity – mouth at center of tentacles

30. Colonial Hydroid - Obelia

31. Obelia – Life Cycle (Hydroid Colony)

32. Colonial Hydroid - Portuguese Man-O-War
Individual animals
live above tentalces

33. Scyphozoa – Jelly Fish

34. Jellyfish Life Cycle
Eggs
Planula
Sperm

35. Aurelia

37. Anthozoans - Anemones

38. Anatomy of Anemones (“flower animals”)
ACONTIA – threads of nematocysts
Threads loaded
with nematocysts

39. Anthozoa - Corals

40. Coral Reef

41. Zooxanthellae/Zoochlorellae
Sea anemone tentacles
Symbiotic relationship –algae reside in animals' gastrodermal cells- sea anemone benefits from algae's photosynthesis (oxygen, food) -algae in turn are assured a reliable exposure to sunlight and protection from micro-feeders,

42. Phylum Ctenophora
Comb jellies (aka - sea gooseberries) are one of the most beautiful animals to inhabit the ocean – 90 species
2nd phylum of radially symmetrical animals
Named for rows of comb-like cilia in bands on body
Use tentacles to trap prey- do not sting prey

43. Protostome or Deuterostome?

45. Coelom Evolution

46. Cleavage Comparison

47. Protostome Worms

48. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Flattened dorsoventrally
Acoelomate
3 distinct tissue layers
Turbellaria – Free living flatworms – Planaria
Trematoda – Liver flukes and Blood Flukes
Cestoda - Tapeworms

49. Class: Turbellaria - Planaria
Sac-like gut
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization with eyespots,
ganglia, nerve cords
Acoelomate
3 tissue layers (ecto,meso,endo)
Cell to cell diffusion
Primitive kidney –
protonephridia with flame cells
Hermaphroditic – cross fertilize
Regeneration studies
Systems:
Digestive Nervous
Reproductive Excretory

50. Organ Systems of Planaria

51. Other Turbellarians

52. Class: Trematoda Liver Flukes

53. Human Liver Fluke – Life Cycle

54. Trematodes – Blood Fluke (Schistosoma)
Causes “Swimmers itch”
Requires 2 hosts – one for
reproduction, one for development

55. Cestoda - Tapeworm

56. Tapeworm Anatomy
Scolex
Proglottid

57. ROSTRUM SUCKERS

60. Beef Tape Worm – Life Cycle
gravid
proglottids
(measley beef –
encysted larvae))

61. Phylum Nemertea – Ribbon Worms
proboscis

62. Ribbon Worms Aquatic,sandy areas One way gut-mouth,anus
Proboscis – fires out – lined with nail shaped spines –wrap around prey
Can be 3 x body length
Separate sexes
Eat small invertebrates or scavenge

63. Ribbon Worm Anatomy

64. Protostome Worms
Phyla

65. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
25,000 species
Parasitic & some free living
Habitats – aquatic,
terrestrial, parasitic
Cuticle covers body (note
striations)-protects
Digestive tract with
mouth,anus
Pseudocoel – hydrostatic
skeleton
Nervous system – nerve
ring, dorsal & ventral nerve
cords
Respiration - diffusion
Dioecious –separate sexes
200,000 eggs/day

66. Nematode Anatomy

67. Ascaris Infestation Can cause intestinal blockage

68. Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm)
Filiaria worm in bloodstream

69. Heartworm
Life Cycle

70. Worms, Worms, and More Worms…
Guinea Worm – Dracunculus mediensis
Africa – adult female 3 feet long – comes through skin;
Water flea has larvae – man drinks water w/fleas;
Natives wind on a stick until it comes out

71. And more…. Filaria worms – Wuchereria sp. Elephantiasis
Hosts – mosquito, man
Worms – 1/1000 of an inch
block lymphatic system
causing severe edema
(swelling)
Tropical areas

72. And more… Loa loa worm Worm migrates through subdermal tissue –
can go across eye
West Africa

73. Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus
Buccal cavity
with hooks
Hook to intestinal
wall – causes
anemia, bleeding
Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus

74. Trichina (pork worm) – “Trichinosis”
Worm encysted in muscle tissue – undercooked pork
products

75. Acanthocephala – Spiny Headed Worms
Retractable proboscis
armed w/curved hooks
Parasites in vertebrates
(1000 in seal’s gut)
No digestive tract-diffusion
through cuticle
Dioecious

76. Phylum Rotifera “wheel animals”
Cilia beating around
mouth –looks like
wheel rotating
Tail-like foot - attaches
Dioecious
Digestive tract with mouth
and cloaca (important !)
Excretory system-flame
cells – bladder/water
balance organ also
Important food chain
members
Phylum Rotifera “wheel animals”

77. COELOMATES Highly developed invertebrates & vertebrates
have a internal body cavity outside intestinal tract.

78. Coelom Advantages
Allows organs to develop & work more freely - not pushing against muscles
Can provide hydrostatic skeleton
(fluid –filled coelom works with muscles
to change body shape)
Provides protected space for production of sperm and ova

79. Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Coelomate Protostomes:
Annelids (segmented worms)
Mollusks (soft bodied animals)
Arthropods (jointed appendages)

80. Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Coelomate Deuterostomes
Echinoderms (spiny skin)
Chordates (vertebrates & notochord animals)

81. Phylum Mollusca (Latin – molluscus -soft-bodied)
2nd largest phylum
Bilateral symmetry
Type of shell & foot used to classify
Torsion in Gastropods – 180 °
Mantle- makes shell
Mantle cavity – encloses gills or lungs
Visceral mass – digestive, excretory, reproductive
Foot – muscular for movement; can be modified into tentacles
Radula – rasping tongue with microscope teeth – tears, shreds, bores holes in mollusk shells
Trochophore and Veliger larval stages in some

82. Classes of Mollusca Aplacophora – Chaetoderma
Monoplacophora - Neopilina
Polyplacophora – Chitons
Scaphopoda – Tooth shells
Gastropoda – Snails, slugs, whelks
Bivalvia – Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
Cephalopoda – Squid, octopus, nautilus

84. Gastropoda Respiration
Aquatic snails – gills
Terrestrial snails – mantle cavity
Snail “Tongue”

85. Radula – Snail Tongue

86. Gastropoda

87. Bivalvia

88. Muscular Foot
Used for
movement
May be
modified
into
tentacles

89. Larval Forms of Mollusks
Veliger
Trochophore

90. Aplacophora No shell Reduced foot Move w/cilia Benthic(bottom)
Deep water
5cm–30 cm
Epidermis
secretes
calcareous
spicules

91. Monoplacophora Neopilina
“single-plate bearer”
1952 rediscovered
Costa Rica
3,590 meters

92. Polyplacophora Chitons
Ancient class
Notable – 8 dorsal plates
Herbivores

93. Scaphopoda – Tooth Shells (Tusk Shell)
Elongated shell
Sticky tentacles – catch prey
Marine – sandy bottom

94. Gastropoda

95. Featuring - Gastropoda
Snails, conchs, abalones,
slugs, nudibranches (poisonous),
limpet, etc.
Stomach-footed
Univalve – most
Respiration – gills or mantle cavity
Snails – eyes on tentacles (light, touch)
Radula (food shredding tongue)
Only mollusk to invade land

96. Bivalvia
Giant clam
Cockles
Mussel
Scallop
Oyster

97. Here-s-s-s….Bivalvia Formerly called Pelecypoda (hatchet-foot)
2 shells
Marine & freshwater
Filter feeders (incurrent siphon, labial palps funnel to mouth)
Gills
Shells – CaC03 – mother of pearl buttons
Open circulatory system
Dioecious
Mussels, oysters are sessile as adults
Scallops swim by “clapping action” of shells

98. Cephalopoda

99. B A D S Q U I

100. Cephalopoda Talk About a Big Head…
Squid, octopus, cuttlefish,
chambered Nautilus
Predators
Can swim, crawl, jet propulsion (siphons)
Tentacles (modified foot) – suckers
Well developed eyes, nervous system
Defense – “inky spray” – foul tasting
Chromatophores –change color to match
environment
Shells – octopus (none), squid – internal pen,
cuttlefish – coiled, flat, plate-like…
Pet bird cuttlebone

102. Mollusk “Claim to Fame”
Important food sources – man
Research – snails – cancer free
Pollution indicators
Snails/slugs – crop damage
Shipworms – damage docks, boats
Filter feeders – can concentrate toxins – human consume – sick/die
Octopus – beak; also learning & memory

103. Segmented Worms

104. Phylum Annelida ~ Characteristics
True coelom - coelomate
Hydrostatic skeleton
Segmentation (metameres)
Closed blood vascular system

105. Oligochaeta - Earthworms
Segmented body
Metameres – adaptation
for burrowing
Setae for movement
Nephridia – tubules remove liquid wastes
Digestive system –mouth-pharynx-crop- gizzard-
intestine- anus
Circulatory system – closed – 1st distribution tissue
Respiration – moist skin – diffusion
Nervous system – cerebral ganglia, nerve cord
Reproduction – hermaphrodite – cross fertilize; clitellum
Muscular system – circular & longitudinal
Environmental benefit – castings fertilize soil, aeration of
soil

106. Earthworm Anatomy

107. Polychaetes - Marine – Sand & Tube Worms

108. Hirudinea - Leeches

109. Ectoparasites –sanguivorus – blood sucker
I Am Stuck on YOU !!!
Ectoparasites –sanguivorus – blood sucker
Sacculated intestine – stores blood – several months between feedings
Hirudin – anticoagulant
Anterior/posterior suckers
Sense light/temperature changes, vibrations
Sensory cells – smell; may have eyes

110. Phylum Onychophora – Velvet Worms
Phylum means “claw-bearers”
Terrestrial, tropical, moist habitats
Antennae & clawed legs
Carnivores
Papillae on surface give velvety appearance
May be “missing link” between annelids and
arthropods

111. Trilobites
Extinct ancient arthropods
Mass Extinction 250 mya

113. Phylum Arthropoda
Most successful group of animals…species diversity, distribution, vast numbers
Segmentation in body
Hard exoskeleton (chitin and protein) – molt to grow – muscles attach; prevents desiccation
Jointed appendages (feeding, movement, mating, defense, mating)
Extensive cephalization & sensory organs
Open circulatory system – hemolymph
Gas exchange – varies from gills/tracheal tubes/book lungs

114. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Meristomata
Horseshoe Crab

115. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida
Have chelicerae – claw like appendage for feeding – fangs
in spiders

116. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca

117. Crayfish External Anatomy

118. Crayfish – Internal Anatomy

119. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Maxillopoda

120. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda
Centipedes – 1 pr legs/segment; carnivores; poison claws

121. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia Class Diplopoda
Millipedes – 2 prs legs/segment; vegetarians

122. Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia Class Insecta – 32 orders
More known species than all other groups
Body regions – head, thorax, abdomen
Mouthparts very diverse – biting, sucking, chewing, piercing,etc.
1 pr antennae; pr of compound eyes
Complete digestive tract
Nervous system – cerebral ganglia with nerve cords
Malpighian tubules – excretion of liquid wastes
Tracheal tubes from spiracles for respiration
Ovipositor for laying eggs
Wings/flight –major adaptation for success of insects
Incomplete metamorphosis; complete metamorphosis

123. Insect Anatomy

124. Compound Eye
Especially good for detecting motion…

125. x Metamorphosis Incomplete – young are smaller versions of adult
Complete – egg to larvae – eats/grows – pupates -adult

126. Thysanura - silverfish

127. Odonata – Dragonfly and Damselfly

128. Orthoptera – Grasshopper and Cricket

129. Blattaria - Cockroach

130. Isoptera - Termite

131. Anoplura - Louse

132. Hemiptera – true bugs

133. Homoptera – Aphid, Leafhopper, Cicada, Scale Insect

134. Lepidoptera – Moths, Butterflies

135. Diptera – Flies and Mosquitoes

136. Siphonaptera - Flea

137. Coleoptera - Beetles

138. Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees, and Wasps

139. Deuterostomes

140. X Phylum - Echinodermata
Asteroidea – Sea Stars
Crinoidea – Sea Lilies
Echinoidea – Sand Dollars and Sea Urchins
Ophiuroidea – Brittle Stars
Holothuroidea – Sea Cucumbers

141. Echinoderm Characteristics
Bilateral bipinnaria larval stage to pentaradial adults
Spiny skin – subcutaneous calcareous plates (endoskeleton)
Water vascular system –hydraulic canals control tube feet
Stomach everts through mouth to feed in starfish
Dermal Branchia for respiration

142. Bipinnaria Larva
Esophagus
Mouth
Stomach

143. Asteriodea - Sea Stars (Star Fish)

145. Water Vascular System

146. Dermal Branchiae

147. Pedicellariae

148. Crinoidea – Sea Lily

149. Echinoidea – sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchins

150. Ophiuroidea

151. Holothuroidea

152. Phylum - Hemichordata Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
Graptolithina (graptolites) extinct
Pterobranchia (pterobranchs) 20 sp.

153. Acorn Worms - to 8 ft

154. Tornaria Larva

155. Pterobranchs – Rhabdopleura – 1 mm

156. Phylum Chordata 3 subphyla
here
Phylum Chordata 3 subphyla
Cephalochordata - Amphioxus
Urochordata – Sea squirts
Vertebrata – Animals with vertebrae

157. Chordate Characteristics
Notochord -cartilage rod (endoskeleton)
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Myotomes – segmented muscle bundles
Pharyngeal gill slits – gill basket
Post-anal tail

158. Cephalochordates – Amphioxus

159. Urochordates – Tunicates (sea squirts)

160. Ostracoderms

161. Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class - Agnatha

162. Hagfish

163. Evolution of Jaws

164. Placoderms

165. Class Chondrichthyes

166. Lobe-finned Lung Fish

167. Class Osteichthyes – boney fishes

168. Class Amphibia

169. Class Reptilia

170. Class Aves

171. Class Mammalia 3 subclasses
Monotremata – Platypus and Echidna
Marsupiales – Marsupials
Placentals – Mammals that have placenta

172. Monotremes

173. Peleomaps

174. Marsupials

175. Placental Mammals – 19 Orders

176. Insectivora

177. Chiroptera

178. Carnivora

179. Xenarthra

180. Rodentia

181. Lagomorpha
Pika

182. Perissodactyla

183. Artiodactyla

184. Proboscidea

185. Sirenia

186. Cetacea

187. Pinnipedia

188. Primates
Tarsier