1. Unit D MERCHANDISE INFORMATION
4.02 Explain the elements and principles of design.

2. Elements of design
Line
Texture
Color
Shape/Silhouette

3. Principles of design
Balance
Proportion
Emphasis
Rhythm

4. The elements of design are combined in different ways to form designs.
The principles of design are guidelines/rules for using the elements of design.
When the elements of design are used effectively according to the principles of design, harmony results.
Harmony: The pleasing visual effect of a design created by tasteful use of the elements of design following the principles of design.

5. The Importance of Color
Creates the greatest visual impact for the consumer
Can affect illusions of the size and shape
Can reflect the personality of an individual
Is associated with psychological traits and emotions

6. Color
Hue: (1) The technical word for color. (2) The name given to a color, such as red or yellow, that distinguishes one color from another.

7. Color Value: The lightness or darkness of a color.
Tint: The lighter hue created when white is added to a color.
Shade: The darker hue created when black is added to a color.
Intensity: The brightness or dullness of a color.
Neutrals: Black, white, beige, and gray. Neutrals can be used alone or with any other colors.

8. Color wheel
A diagram that illustrates hues and their relationship to each other.

9. Primary hues: Red, yellow, blue
Primary hues: Red, yellow, blue. These colors cannot be made by using any other color. All other colors are made from a combination of these.
Secondary hues: Orange, green, violet. These are created by mixing equal amounts of two primary colors.

10. Intermediate hues: Blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet. Colors made by combining equal amounts of adjoining primary and secondary hues.

11. Warm and cool colors Warm colors: Red, orange yellow.
Think of the sun and its warmth.
Cool colors: Green, blue, violet.
Think of the calmness of the ocean or sky.

12. Color schemes Plans that can be used to provide harmonious color combinations.
Monochromatic
Analogous
Complementary
Split-complementary
Triad
Accented Neutrals

13. Monochromatic color
Different tints, shades, and intensities of a single color.
Example: light blue trousers and jacket with a navy blue vest.

14. Analogous colors
Two to five colors that are adjacent on the color wheel.
Example: orange, yellow-orange and yellow worn together

15. Complementary colors
Two colors opposite each other on the color wheel.
Example: Orange and blue

16. Split-complementary colors
One color plus the colors on each side of its complement.
Example: red combines with yellow-green and blue-green.

17. Triad colors
Three colors that are equidistant from each other on the color wheel.
Yellow-orange
Blue-green
Red-violet

18. Accented neutral
White, gray, black, or beige with a bright color accent.
Example: Businesswoman wearing a gray dress with a red scarf.

19. Psychology of color RED: exciting, aggressive, passionate
ORANGE: earthy, warm, hopeful
YELLOW: cheerful, sunny, cowardly
GREEN: restful, envious, fresh
BLUE: calming, cool, depressed
PURPLE: drama, rich, royal
WHITE: innocent, pure, peaceful
BLACK: sophisticated, gloomy, mysterious
GRAY: old, sad, modest

20. Wednesday 11/9 Warm-up # 8 (write worksheet) Tasks Warm-up worksheet
Complete the 4.02 Colors review sheet using your color wheel and notes
Tasks
Warm-up worksheet
Color Handbook

21. COLOR HANDBOOK
In Microsoft Word, create a handbook with all of the following information:
Color Schemes (definition and outfit example of the scheme)
Monochromatic, Analogous, Complementary, Split-Complementary, Triad, and Accented Neutral
Psychology of colors
Be creative with your font. May use color! We will print these in color. You will be allowed to use your color handbook on Obj. 4 test!

22. Thursday 11/10 (no school tomorrow) 
Warm-up # 9 (turn in tray)
What is the importance of color?
Tasks
Warm-up
Complete 4.02 notes.
principles of design examples
Fabric Finishing
Dyeing T-shirts!

23. Shape
The silhouette or the overall form or outline of an outfit or clothing style.
Influences the illusion of size
Indicates whether or not apparel is “in fashion” at a given time

24. Most silhouettes are formed by:
The width and length of the neckline, sleeves, and/or waistline.
The width and length of pants and skirts.

25. Basic silhouettes for women’s fashions
Straight
Bell-shaped
Back fullness (bustle)
Basic silhouettes for men’s clothing
American or classic cut
European

26. Silhouettes Are always changing in fashion
The general direction that a silhouette takes either becoming wider, narrower, longer, or shorter shows a fashion trend.
Examples: varying lengths for women’s skirts, varying widths for men’s neckties

27. Line
A distinct, elongated mark that can lead the path of eye movement up and down, side to side, or around objects.
Give direction, or a feeling of movement
Provides visual direction
Helps draw attention to good points and play down the bad ones

28. Basic types of lines
Straight lines: Lines without curves or bends. Straight lines are severe and formal and suggest power and dignity.
Curved lines: Circular or gently waved lines. Curved lines add softness and roundness to apparel.

29. Directions of lines
Vertical lines: Lines that go up and down. Vertical lines create a taller, more slender look.
Horizontal lines: Lines that go across. Horizontal lines give a shorter, wider look.
Diagonal lines: Lines that slant at an angle rather than being vertical or horizontal.

30. Ways to create lines in garments
Structural lines: Lines formed by the seams, darts, pleats, tucks, and edges when garments are constructed.
Decorative lines: Lines created by details added to the surface of clothing including fabric design and trims such as top-stitching, lace, tabs, flaps, and buttons used to decorate the garment.

31. Texture: The look and feel of fabric.
Can create illusions of size
Can disguise figure irregularities
Can add interest to a garment
*Textures used in apparel should be suited to the occasions for which the garments will be worn.

32. Texture can be provided in two ways…
Structural texture: Texture determined by the fibers, yarns, and the method of construction used to produce a garment. Examples: velvet shirt, striped wool pants
Added visual texture: The finishes and designs applied to the surface of the fabric. Examples: The print of the fabric can give the illusion of height or width to the wearer. Shiny textures make people look larger because they reflect light.

33. Examples of textures
Corduroy
Velvet
Denim
Satin
Cotton
Polyester

34. Balance
The principle of design that implies equilibrium or steadiness among the parts of a design or outfit.
Balance in garments is produced by structural parts and added decoration.
A properly balanced garment appears equal in weight and power of attraction from all sides, from top to bottom, and from front to back.

35. Formal balance
Equilibrium provided by symmetrical parts. One side resembles the other.

36. Informal balance
Equilibrium provided by asymmetrical parts. One side is unequal to the other.

37. Proportion
The principle of design dealing with the relative sizes of all the parts in a design to each other and to the whole.
Garment details and accessories should be proportioned for the wearer.
Proportion is most pleasing when garment areas are unevenly divided.

38. Emphasis
The principle of design that uses a concentration of interest or area of focus in a particular part or area of design.
Emphasis or a focal point can be used to draw attention or to keep the eye away.
Emphasis can be provided through the use of color, texture, structural lines, decorative lines, or accessories.

39. Rhythm
The principle of design concerned with the pleasing arrangement of the design elements to produce a feeling of continuity or easy movement of the observer’s eye.
Rhythm is what allows the viewer’s eye to move steadily and smoothly through the lines and spaces of the design.

40. Four main types of rhythm
Repetition
Gradation
Radiation
Alternation

41. Rhythm
Repetition: Rhythm created by repeated lines, shapes, colors, or textures in a garment.
Gradation: Rhythm created by a gradual increase or decrease of similar design elements.

42. Rhythm (cont)
Radiation: Rhythm created by lines emerging from a central point like rays, resulting in the parts being an equal distance from a given point.
Alternation: Rhythm created by alternating elements such as light and dark colors or stripes of two colors or sizes.

43. To appear taller and thinner
Black, navy blue, charcoal, and chocolate brown
Monochromatic colors
Straight silhouettes
Vertical lines
Subtle prints, plaids
Smooth, flat textures
Narrow, matching belt

44. To appear shorter and thicker
Sharply contrasting colors
Light, bright, warm colors
Wide silhouettes
Horizontal lines
Bold prints, plaids
Bulky texture
Wide, contrasting belt
Gathers or pleats

45. To attract attention White, yellow, orange, and red Bright colors
Busy prints
Shiny or textured fabric
Clingy fabrics

46. To avoid attention Dark, cool, and dull colors Plain patterns
Minimal structural design
Earth tones
No applied decoration