1. 1 PA Continuum of Competence Professional Involvement Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Certification Licensure Credentialing CME Further Training Specialty FocusAdditional Certifications Residency Clinical Doctorate? Additional Resources Administration Research Teaching Academic Pursuits Non-Clinical Roles Leadership Roles Non-Clinical Roles Pre-PA Education

2. 2 Pre-PA Education Phase Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Pre-PA Education Stakeholders in Phase Primary Education Secondary Education Undergraduate Institutions AAPA SAAAPA PAEA Undergraduate advisors State chapters Mentors PA programs Employers Social network Issues Difference between traditional college and “pre-health” Key Questions for Session What are pipeline implications on Quality, Diversity, Quantity, Financial Impact? Does potential applicant pool (target audience) change? How does the reputation of the PA profession change? How would a doctorate influence preparation for PA programs?

3. 3 Entry Level PA Education Phase Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Pre-PA Education Stakeholders in Phase NCCPA Prep PAEA Program/faculty Educational institution Grant agencies (HRSA, etc.) ARC-PA (42 programs) Preceptors PA employers AAPA/SAAAPA State Boards PAF Foundations Issues Less work experience Younger population Pipeline Diversification of professors Accreditation Lack of standard prerequisites Cost & Financial Aid Overwhelming content Lack of faculty Lack of clinical sites & remuneration Diversity of membership (degrees) Insufficient data Funding Key Questions for Session What are implications for PA programs and institutions Doctoral-level faculty Accreditation Program length Curriculum Quality of clinical practice What are implications on costs and tuition? How do we justify another doctorate in the domain of medicine? Issues (cont) Diversity Faculty Development & Retention Lack of understanding of PA role & education process Advising challenges Balancing program mission with institution’s motivations Regulation Lack of standard credential Supply of grads Lack of representation at university and policy levels

4. 4 Early Career Phase Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Pre-PA Education Stakeholders in Phase Employers NCCPA State boards Physicians Other PA’s Other HC Professionals Institutions SAAAPA AAPA State chapters Specialty Orgs CME providers Issues Finding employment Licensing & credentialing Demonstrating competence Liability insurance Contracts & legal issues Evolving competence Appropriate confidence Personal transitions Accountability Professional identification Departure rate Managing expectations for PA roles Specialty choice “Dual citizenship” – generalist vs. specialist knowledge Key Questions for Session What are implications for PA Preparation Clinical outcomes Patient Care System-wide & population- wide results Recruitment & distribution (specialty, geography) Earning potential Debt burden Departure rates PA/Physician relationship PA Reputation & Attitude Practice of Medicine Economics of Medicine Relations with other HC professions

5. 5 Mid-Career Phase Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Pre-PA Education Stakeholders in Phase Physicians Other PA’s Other HC Professionals Professional associations Academic institutions & grad schools Employers PA Programs PAEA CME providers NCCPA AAPA ARC-PA Specialty organizations Issues Need for recognition of content expertise Assuming other (non-clinical) roles (leadership, administrative, preceptor, teaching, etc.) Acknowledged success in practice area Advanced degrees important Acuity of “dual citizenship” Job transitions – new proof of competence to new employers 2 nd & 3 rd Recertifications more painful PA/MD relationship strained when PA has more knowledge Key Questions for Session How to deal with existing PA’s? “Grandfathering”? What are implications for Need for recognition and status Career advancement Policy in 3 rd party payers/reimbursement Licensing & certification Legislative & Regulatory Patient perceptions & expectations

6. 6 Late Career Phase Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Pre-PA Education Stakeholders in Phase Physicians Other PA’s Other HC Professionals Professional associations Academic institutions & grad schools Employers PA Programs PAEA CME providers NCCPA AAPA ARC-PA Specialty organizations Issues Transition from full-time clinical to other options Don’t wait until too late to gain transition skills Need a hobby, other interests, a life! Key Questions for Session What is the viability of a bridge program for PA’s to become MD’s or DO’s?

7. 7 PA Continuum of Competence Preparatory Education Career Choice Decision Career Choice Decision Entry Level PA Education Early Career ~0-6 Years Mid-Career ~6-18 Years Late Career ~18+ Years Retirement Didactic Clinical Pre-PA Education Stakeholders in Phase Family Social Network Profession & professional organizations Issues Planning for retirement Meaningful contributions to profession Key Questions for Session Implications for retirement age