1. Hazardous Materials
Subpart H

2. Subpart H Standards 1910.101 Compressed Gases 1910.102 Acetylene
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrous Oxide
Flammable and Combustible Liquids

3. Subpart H Standards
Spray Finishing using Flammable and Combustible Materials
Dip Tanks containing Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Explosives and Blasting Agents

4. Subpart H Standards
Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

5. Subpart H Standards
Dipping and coating operations: Coverage and Definitions
General Requirements for Dipping and Coating Operations

6. Subpart H Standards
Additional Requirements for Dipping and Coating Operations that use Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Additional Requirements for Special Dipping and Coating Operations

7. Definitions Hazardous Chemical
Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA) term that denotes any chemical that would be a risk to employees if exposed in the work place

8. Definition Highly Hazardous Chemical
OSHA term that denotes any chemical that would posses toxic, reactive, flammable or explosive properties

9. Flammable and Combustible Liquids

10. Definitions
Aerosol
Aerosol shall mean a material which is dispensed from its container as a mist, spray, or foam by a propellant under pressure

11. Definitions
Approved
Approved shall mean an approved or listed by a national recognized testing laboratory
Such as:
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or
Factory Mutual (FM)

12. Definitions Boiling Point
Boiling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia). The pressure is equivalent to 760 millimeters of mercury (760 mm Hg)
Liquid changes into a vapor

13. Definitions Boiling Point
At temperatures above the boiling, the pressure of the atmosphere can no longer hold the liquid in the liquid state and bubbles begin to form.
The lower the boiling point, the greater the vapor pressure at normal ambient temperatures and consequently the greater the risk.

14. Definitions
Container
Container shall mean any can, barrel, or drum

15. Definitions Closed Container
Closed container shall mean a container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid or vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures

16. Definitions
Fire Area
Fire area shall mean an area of a building separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour and having all communicating openings properly protected by an assembly having a fire resistance rating of at least one hour.

17. Definitions Flash Point
Flash point means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. The flash point is normally an indication of susceptibility to ignition.

18. Definitions Combustible Liquid
Combustible liquid means any liquid having a flash point at above 100°F (37.8 °C).
Combustible liquids are divided into two classes:
Class II
Class III

19. Definitions Class II Liquids
Class II liquids shall include those with a flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C)

20. Definitions Class III Liquids
Class III liquids shall include those with flash points at or above 140°F (60°C).
Class III are divided into two classes:
Class IIIA
Class IIIB

21. Definitions Class IIIA Liquids
Class III liquids shall include those with flash points at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93.3°C)

22. Definitions Class IIIB Liquids
Class IIIB liquids shall include those with a flash point at or above 200°F (93.3°C).
This section does not regulate Class IIIB liquids.

23. Definitions
NOTE:
When a combustible liquid is heated to within 30°F (16.7°C) of its flash point, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for the next lower class of liquids

24. Definitions Flammable Liquid
Flammable liquid means any liquid having a flash point below 100 °F (37.8 °C)
Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids

25. Definitions Class I liquids are divided into three classes: Class 1A
Class 1B
Class 1C

26. Definitions
Class 1A
Class 1A shall include liquids having flash points below 73 °F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point below 100 °F (37.8°C)
Examples: Ethyl Ether, Isopropyl Chloride, Pentane

27. Definitions Class 1B Liquids
Class 1B shall include liquids having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point at or above 100°F (37.8°C)
Example: Acetone, Gasoline, Toluene

28. Definitions
Class 1C
Class 1C shall include liquids having flash points at at or above 73°F (22.8°C) and below 100°F (37.8°C)
Examples: Amyl Alcohol, Naphtha, Xylene

29. Flash Point IIIA II IC IA IB Boiling Point 200°F Combustible
Flammable
Flash Point
< 100°F
73°F IA IB
100°F
Boiling Point

30. Definitions Portable Tank
Portable tank shall mean a closed container having a liquid capacity over 60 U.S. gallons and not intended for fixed installation

31. Definitions Safety Can
Safety can means an approved container, of not more than 5 gallons capacity, having a spring-closing lid and spout cover and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subject to fire exposure

32. Definitions Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure shall mean the pressure, measured in pounds per square inch (absolute) exerted by a volatile liquid as determined by the Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products by ASTM

33. Definitions Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure is a measure of a liquid’s propensity to evaporate.
The higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the liquid and, thus, the more readily the liquid gives off vapors

34. Flammable (Explosive) Limits
Flammable Range
The range of a combustible vapor or gas-air mixture between the upper and lower flammable limits.
Also, known as the “explosive range.”

35. Flammable (Explosive) Limits
Lower Flammable Limit
The lowest concentration at which a combustible gas forms a flammable mixture.
Below the LFL there is too little combustible fuel to sustain a flame.
Also, known as “Lower Explosive Limit or LEL.”

36. Flammable (Explosive) Limits
Upper Flammable Limit
The highest concentration at which a combustible gas forms a flammable mixture.
Above the UFL there is too little oxygen to sustain a flame. Better known as “too rich” to burn.
Also, known as “Upper Explosive Limit or UEL.”

37. Flammable (Explosive) Limits
Hazardous Material LFL UFL
Butane
Ethylene Oxide
Gasoline
Hydrogen
Isopropyl Alcohol
Propane

38. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
This presentation is designed to assist trainers conducting OSHA 10-hour General Industry outreach training for workers. Since workers are the target audience, this presentation emphasizes hazard identification, avoidance, and control – not standards. No attempt has been made to treat the topic exhaustively. It is essential that trainers tailor their presentations to the needs and understanding of their audience.
This presentation is not a substitute for any of the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or for any standards issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Labor.

39. Introduction
The two primary hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids are explosion and fire
Safe handling and storage of flammable liquids requires the use of approved equipment and practices per OSHA standards
29 CFR

40. Classes of Some Flammable Liquids
Common Name Flash Point (oF)
CLASS IA
CLASS IB
CLASS IC
Ethyl Ether -49
Gasoline -45
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 21
Toluene 40
Xylene
Turpentine 95
Other common flammable and combustible liquids and their flash points are shown below:
Flash Point (oF)
CLASS IA Pentane < -40
CLASS IB Acetone 0
VM&P Naptha (Typical)
Ethyl Alcohol 55
CLASS IC Mineral Spirits
CLASS II Fuel Oils
Kerosene
CLASS III Ethylene Glycol 232

41. Program Components Control of ignition sources Proper storage
A good plan for safe use of flammable and combustible liquids contains at least these components:
Control of ignition sources
Proper storage
Fire control
Safe handling

42. Sources of Ignition Open flames Smoking Static electricity
Must take adequate precautions to prevent ignition of flammable vapors. Some sources of ignition include:
Open flames
Smoking
Static electricity
Cutting and welding
Hot surfaces
Electrical and mechanical sparks
Lightning
(e)(6)(i)

43. Static Electricity
Generated when a fluid flows through a pipe or from an opening into a tank
Main hazards are fire and explosion from sparks containing enough energy to ignite flammable vapors
Bonding or grounding of flammable liquid containers is necessary to prevent static electricity from causing a spark
Static electricity can be generated by the contact and separation of dissimilar materials. For example: belts and pulleys, tires and the road, fluid flow through a pipe, agitation and mixing of fluids, and splash filling of flammable liquids.
For more information, see NFPA 77, Static Electricity.
One of the primary means of reducing the hazard of static electricity when transferring flammable liquids into/from containers is through the use of bonding and grounding, which is discussed in this program.

44. Industrial Plants – Grounding
Class I liquids shall not be dispensed into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected

45. Bonding
Physically connect two conductive objects together with a bond wire to eliminate a difference in static charge potential between them
Must provide a bond wire between containers during flammable liquid filling operations, unless a metallic path between them is otherwise present
(e)(6)(ii)
Both objects bonded share the same charge and have no potential difference, BUT there still is a potential difference between the conductive objects and ground. Thus, there is danger of a spark from one of the conductive objects to grounded objects.

46. Grounding
Eliminates a difference in static charge potential between conductive objects and ground
Although bonding will eliminate a difference in potential between objects, it will not eliminate a difference in potential between these objects and earth unless one of the objects is connected to earth with a ground wire
(e)(6)(i)
Both objects bonded and grounded permit charge to flow to ground.

47. Ventilation
Always provide adequate ventilation to reduce the potential for ignition of flammable vapors.
(a)(31)
Ventilation for the prevention of fire and explosion is considered adequate if it is sufficient to prevent accumulation of significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentration over one-fourth of the lower flammable limit.
For additional information on ventilation, see OSHA’s web site at:

48. Storage Fundamentals
Identify incompatible chemicals – check the Material Safety Data Sheet
Isolate and separate incompatible materials
Isolate by storing in another area or room
Degree of isolation depends on quantities, chemical properties and packaging
Separate by storing in same area or room, but apart from each other

49. Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Storage must not limit the use of exits, stairways, or areas normally used for the safe egress of people
In office occupancies:
Storage prohibited except that which is required for maintenance and operation of equipment
Storage must be in:
closed metal containers inside a storage cabinet, or
safety cans, or
an inside storage room
Inside storage room
(d)(5)(i) and (iii)
In office occupancies, the inside storage room must not have a door that opens into that portion of the building used by the public.

50. Safety Cans for Storage and Transfer
Approved container of not more than 5 gallons capacity
Spring-closing lid and spout cover
Safely relieves internal pressure when exposed to fire
(a)(29)

51. Flame Arrester Screen Prevents fire flashback into can contents
Double wire-mesh construction
Large surface area provides rapid dissipation of heat from fire so that vapor temperature inside can remains below ignition point

52. Storage Cabinets
Not more than 60 gal of Class I and/or Class II liquids, or not more than 120 gal of Class III liquids permitted in a cabinet
Must be conspicuously labeled, “Flammable - Keep Fire Away”
Doors on metal cabinets must have a three-point lock (top, side, and bottom), and the door sill must be raised at least 2 inches above the bottom of the cabinet
(d)(3)(i) and (ii) and (ii)(a)
Three-point lock on metal cabinet doors prevents buckling, which would expose contents to fire.
Raised door sill contains leaks.

53. Fire Control
Suitable fire control devices, such as small hose or portable fire extinguishers must be available where flammable or combustible liquids are stored
Open flames and smoking must not be permitted in these storage areas
Materials which react with water must not be stored in the same room with flammable or combustible liquids
(d)(7)(i) and (iii) and (iv)

54. Transferring Flammable Liquids
Since there is a sizeable risk whenever flammable liquids are handled, OSHA allows only four methods for transferring these materials:
Through a closed piping system
From safety cans
By gravity through an approved self-closing safety faucet
By means of a safety pump
(e)(2)(iv)(d)
Transferring of flammable liquids by means of air pressure on the container or portable tanks is prohibited.

55. Self-Closing Safety Faucet
Bonding wire between drum and container
Grounding wire between drum and ground
Safety vent in drum

56. Safety Pump Faster and safer than using a faucet Spills less likely
No separate safety vents in drum required
Installed directly in drum bung opening
Some pump hoses have integral bonding wires

57. Waste and Residue
Combustible waste and residue must be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal receptacles and disposed of daily.
(e)(9)(iii)
Waste drum with disposal funnel
Safety disposal can
Oily-waste can (self-closing lid)

58. Container and Portable Tank Storage
This section applies only to the storage of flammable and combustible liquids in drums or other containers not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity and portable tanks of less than 660 gallons individual capacity.

59. Container and Portable Tank Storage
Only approved containers and portable tanks may be used to store flammable and combustible liquids
Metal containers and portable tanks must meet DOT requirements

60. Design, Construction and Capacity of Storage Cabinets
Not more than 60 gallons of Class I and/ or Class II liquids, or not more than 120 gallons of Class III liquids may be stored in an individual cabinet

61. Design, Construction and Capacity of Storage Cabinets
The standard permits both metal and wooden storage cabinets
Cabinets shall be designed and constructed to limit internal temperatures to not more than 325°F when subject to a standardized 10-minute fire test

62. Design, Construction and Capacity of Storage Cabinets
The bottom, top, door, and sides of metal cabinets shall be at least 18 gauge sheet metal and double walled with a 1 ½ -inch air space
The door shall be provided with a three point lock and the door sill shall be raised at least 2-inches above the bottom of the cabinet

63. Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms
Construction is to comply with test specifications outlined in NFPA 251
Openings to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with non-combustible liquid-tight raised sills or ramps at least 4-inches in height, or the floor in the storage area shall be at least 4-inches below the surrounding floor

64. Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms
Opening shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors
The room shall be liquid tight where the floor joins the floor
Electrical wiring for Class I liquids will comply with Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations

65. Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms
In each storage room, an aisle of at least feet in width will be maintained
Containers over 30 gallons capacity shall not be stacked
Containers will be at least 3 feet from sprinkler heads

66. Fire Control
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 12-B units shall be located outside of, but not more than 10 feet from, the door opening into any room used for storage.

67. Maximum Quantities
The quantity of liquid that may be located outside of an inside storage room or storage cabinet in a building or in any one fire area of a building shall not exceed:
25 gallons of Class IA liquids in containers
120 gallons of Class IB, IC, II, or III liquids in containers
660 gallons of Class IB, IC, II, or III liquids in a single portable tank.

68. Service Stations
No smoking or open flames in areas used for fueling, servicing fuel, etc.
Conspicuous signs must be posted.

69. Liquid Transfer
If gravity transfer is used, must be through an approved self-closing valve.
Transferring by means of air pressure on the container or portable tanks shall be prohibited.

70. Handling Liquids
Flammable liquids shall be kept in covered containers when not actually in use.

71. Housekeeping
Combustible waste and residue shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal receptacles, and disposed of daily

72. Safe Handling Fundamentals
Carefully read the manufacturer’s label on the flammable liquid container before storing or using it
Practice good housekeeping in flammable liquid storage areas
Clean up spills immediately, then place the cleanup rags in a covered metal container
Only use approved metal safety containers or original manufacturer’s container to store flammable liquids
Keep the containers closed when not in use and store away from exits or passageways
Use flammable liquids only where there is plenty of ventilation
Keep flammable liquids away from ignition sources such as open flames, sparks, smoking, cutting, welding, etc.
Spills or Leaks
First, eliminate all sources of ignition, then
Stop the leak, if possible
Contain the material
Isolate the area
Avoid direct contact with the material
Use appropriate fire control procedures

73. Summary
The two primary hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids are explosion and fire
Safe handling and storage of flammable liquids requires the use of approved equipment and practices per OSHA standards
An excellent reference on this topic is National Fire Protection Association Standard No. 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

74. Spray Finishing

75. Definitions Aerated Solid Powders
Aerated powders shall mean any powdered material used as a coating material which shall be fluidized within a container by passing air uniformly from below. It is common practice to fluidize such materials to form a fluidized powder bed and then dip the part to be coated into the bed in a manner similar to that used in liquid dipping. Such beds are also used as sources for powder spray operation

76. Definitions Spraying Area
Any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable vapors or mists, or combustible residues, dusts, or deposits are present due to the operation of spraying processes.

77. Definitions Spray Booth
A power-ventilated structure provided to enclose or accommodate a spraying operation to confine and limit the escape of spray, vapor, and residue, and to safely conduct or direct them to an exhaust system

78. Definitions Waterwash spray booth
A spray booth equipped with a water washing system designed to minimize dusts or residues entering exhaust ducts and to permit the recovery of overspray finishing material

79. Definitions Dry spray booth
A spray booth not equipped with a water washing system as described in subparagraph (4) of this paragraph.

80. Definitions Dry spray booth A dry spray booth may be equipped with
distribution or baffle plates to promote an even flow of air through the booth or cause the deposit of overspray before it enters the exhaust duct; or
overspray dry filters to minimize dusts or residues entering exhaust ducts; or
where dry powders are being sprayed, with powder collection systems so arranged in the exhaust to capture oversprayed material.

81. Separation of Operations
Each spray booth shall be separated from other operations by:
not less than 3 feet or
by a partition or wall to reduce danger
3 ft
8 feet
3 feet

82. Sources of Ignition
There will be no open flame or spark producing equipment in any spray area nor within 20 feet
Space heating appliances, steam pipes, or hot surfaces shall not be located in the spray area

83. Electrical Class I or Class II, Division 1 Locations
The interior of spray booths or rooms
The interior of exhaust ducts
Any area in the direct path of spray operations

84. Electrical Class I or Class II, Division 2 Locations
For open spraying, all space outside of but within 20 feet horizontally and 10 feet vertically
Spray Area
20’

85. Closed Top/Open Face Booth

86. Enclosed Spray Booth or Room

87. Open Spraying Locations

88. Process Safety Managementof
Highly Hazardous
Chemicals
CFR

89. (a) Purpose
This section contains requirements for preventing or minimizing the consequences of catastrophic releases of:
Toxic,
Reactive,
Flammable, or
Explosive chemicals
These releases may result in toxic, fire or explosion hazards

90. (a)(1)Application
A process which involves a chemical at or above the specified threshold quantities listed in Appendix A
A process which involves a flammable liquid or gas (as defined in (c) of this part) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 pounds ( kg) or more

91. (a)(ii) Exceptions
Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel (e.g., propane used for comfort heating, gasoline for vehicle refueling),
If such fuels are not a part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical covered by this standard;
Flammable liquids stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration

92. Review What is a flammable liquid? What is a combustible liquid?
A Class 1A flammable liquid has a flash point of less than?

93. Review
What is the maximum amount of a 1A liquid that can be stored outside of a flammable storage cabinet or room?
A 12B fire extinguisher must be located within _______ feet of flammable liquid storage room.

94. Review Spray finishing can be a hazardous activity.
True or False
Each spray booth must be separated by ___ feet or a wall or partition from other operations.
Spray booths require ___________ electrical installations.