1. Gas Liquefaction Katherine D’Ambrosio

2. Liquefaction  The refinery process of converting natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer chain hydrocarbons such as gasoline or diesel fuel

3. Methods  Compress the gas at temperatures less than its critical temperature  Make the gas do work against an external force, causing the gas to lose energy and change to a liquid state  Make gas do work against its own internal forces, causing it to lose energy and liquefy.  Cascade process - use one liquefied gas to liquefy another  Joule-Thomson effect - compress and then rapidly expand the gas

4. Liquefaction Temperatures

5. Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)  Cooled until it Liquefies @ -160°C  Reduces volume 600 times  Colorless, Odorless and Non-Toxic  Safe to transport and store  Shipped and Stored at Atmospheric Pressure

6. LNG Chain Gas Well Field Processing Transmission Pipeline Liquefaction Shipping Receiving Terminal Market

7. Natural Gas Liquefaction Process Compression Refrigerant Loop LNG GAS Storage Treatment and Purification -161ºC Removes condensate, CO 2, Mercury, and H 2 S Causes dehydration

8. Environmental Advantages  Virtually no ash, sludge or hazardous waste is produced  Particulate emissions are approximately 95% less than burning coal  Over Coal, Distillate and Naphtha LNG has lower: Sulfur dioxide emissions (by 100%), Nitrogen Oxide emissions (by 75%) Carbon Dioxide emissions (by 50%)

9. Questions?