2. Food Science: An Old but New Subject
Chapter 1
Food Science: An Old but New Subject

3. Objectives Describe the three periods in the development of foods.
Summarize how food products and processing methods have changed due to contributions of food scientists.
Analyze how studying food science now can benefit you in the future.

4. What Is Food Science?
Food science is the study of the nature of food, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for consumers
It began to evolve when technology moved food preparation from the home to the factory
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5. What Is Food Science?
It involves concepts from math, science, food preparation, health, and technical writing
It focuses on what happens to foods before you eat them
It also addresses nutrition, or what happens to foods after you eat them

6. Early Food Discoveries
Civilizations formed where water, game, and land were abundant
Foods, preparation techniques, and preservation methods were discovered by trial and error and by accident
Drying, salting, smoking, and cooking over open flame were earliest forms of food processing

7. The Industrial Revolution
Scientific advances brought changes in the economy and food production
The canning process reduced food spoilage
Specialized farm machinery and food processing equipment increased the food supply
New ingredients improved food quality and preparation ease

8. Government Regulation of the Food Industry
The growing industry needed government regulations to maintain a consistent, economic, and convenient food supply
Mass food production led to mass adulteration of food products
Ground pepper contained gravel and twigs
Vinegar was diluted with sulfuric acid
Milk had added water or other substances

9. Early Regulation
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) had authority to oversee food production and agricultural research
not to monitor or enforce safety
USDA chemist Harvey Wiley fought to eliminate misnamed and adulterated foods
which led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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10. Early Regulation
Two laws were the basis for rules and regulations written by the FDA
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibits interstate commerce of misbranded and adulterated food, drinks, and drugs
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 expands the FDA authority to cover cosmetics and to establish regulations and guidelines for the food industry

11. Government Regulation Today
Regulations for improved safety
The Food Code is the basis for safe food handling
Delaney Clause becomes law and the GRAS list identifies food additives deemed “generally recognized as safe”
Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010 focuses on preventing food contamination
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12. Government Regulation Today
Labeling and Nutrition Guidelines
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966 requires honest, informative labels
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13. Government Regulation Today
Labeling and Nutrition Guidelines
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 requires packaged foods to have a nutrition label and authorizes certain health claims
Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 requires food allergy warning labels
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14. Government Regulation Today
FDA—Regulates 80% of food supply, approves food additives, sets food labeling guidelines, and creates food safety and wholesomeness standards
USDA—Oversees meat, poultry, and processed egg products; inspects processing plants; develops dietary guidance; and regulates organic foods

15. Food Labeling FDA and USDA share the responsibility
Failure to follow food labeling laws may lead to large fines, food recalls, or production plant closings
Laws established to protect food from farm to the table, or from growth until reaching the consumer

16. Important Food Organizations
Nonpartisan organizations report unbiased, factual communication
The International Food Information Council (IFIC)
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)
They observe and report scientific developments, policy, and legislation related to the food industry

17. Contributions of Scientists: Expanded Food Supply
Improve grain production to combat hunger
Develop new production methods
Hydroponic crops are grown with their roots suspended in liquid nutrient solutions
Biotechnology is used to lower production costs and increase crop yields

18. Contributions of Scientists: New Food Products
Meet demands for inexpensive, tasty, nutritious, convenience foods
Develop foods for special needs such as armed services, sports, and health conditions
Food analogs are natural or manufactured substances used in place of foods or food components

19. Contributions of Scientists: New Processing Techniques
Develop new production processes to achieve greater food variety and choices
Examples: dehydrated food products and special packaging for space travel
Cryogenic liquids are substances used for quick-freezing that help preserve food color, texture, and nutritive value

20. Contributions of Scientists: Attention to Global Concerns
Keep food safety risks outside the U.S.
Support the international scientific authority—the Codex—in setting global food standards
Promote food defense, the protection of food from intentional contamination
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the USDA work together
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21. Contributions of Scientists: Attention to Global Concerns
Scientists work to ensure food security, or having access to nutritionally adequate and safe food
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22. Why Study Food Science?
Increase exposure to a variety of career opportunities
Enhance problem-solving skills
Learn
how to make healthier food choices
proper food preparation techniques
safe food handling practices

23. Recap Major periods in the development of food are
early food discoveries
the industrial revolution
era of government regulations
Contributions of food scientists include
an expanded food supply
new products and processes that offer greater safety, variety, and choice
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24. Recap Studying food science offers
an understanding of healthier food choices, proper preparation techniques, and safe handling practices
improved problem-solving skills
an introduction to exciting career opportunities