1. Format of the American Psychological Association 6th Edition
Dr. Lincoln
Format of the American Psychological Association 6th Edition
APA
Manual
Dr. Lincoln

2. APA Format
Rules for manuscript preparation that contribute to clear communication
Commonly accepted guidelines
Each chapter provides different kinds of information,
Which is arranged in the sequence of manuscript preparation through publication
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Dr. Lincoln

3. Manuscript Organization
Writing for publication is not easy
Good papers are carefully designed and managed
The content is important and of good quality
Before beginning a paper consider
Length required
Headings – the hierarchy of the ideas to be presented
Tone – interesting and compelling, not dull or lack style
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4. Order of Manuscript Pages
Title page with title, author’s name, institutional affiliation, and running head
Abstract (separate page)
Text (begins on a new page)
References
Appendixes
Author Note
Footnotes (list together, starting on a separate page)
Tables
Figure Captions
Figures
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5. Title Page Summarizes main idea of paper
Concise statement of main topic
A title should be fully explanatory when standing alone
Principal function to inform readers about the study
Avoid words that serve no useful purpose
Recommended length for a title is words
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6. Abstract A brief, comprehensive summary
Readers can survey the contents of an article (or paper) quickly
Most important paragraph in paper
Should be readable, well organized, brief and self- contained
Should be about 120 – 250 words
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7. Abstract (of a research paper)
Should describe the following:
Problem
Subjects
Methods
Findings
Conclusions and implications or applications
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8. Introduction Introduce the problem Describe the research strategy
It is not labeled!!!
Develop the background, an appropriate history and priority of the work of others
Tells what you did in the closing paragraphs of the introduction
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9. Methods (for primary research papers)
Describes in detail how study was done
Identify subsections
Usually descriptions of participants, materials and procedures
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10. Results Summarizes data collected and statistics used
Main results presented first
Details follow; enough to justify the conclusions
Use tables and figures to report data
Can enhance readability of complex data
They must be mentioned in the text
Present relevant statistics
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11. Discussion Evaluate and interpret implications of results
Emphasize any theoretical consequences of the results
Be sure to check spelling and grammar throughout the paper, and use a thesaurus to find interesting alternative words
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12. References Citations document statements made about the literature
All citations in paper must appear in the reference list
All references on the reference list must be cited in text
Choose references carefully and cite them accurately
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13. Appendix
Use it for detailed descriptions of certain material not needed in or distracting in the body of the paper.
An unpublished test
Complicated mathematical proofs
Lists
It should help reader understand, evaluate or replicate your work.
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Dr. Lincoln

14. Author Note Identifies specific information such as
The departmental affiliation of each author
Sources of financial support
Acknowledgement of contributions of others to the study
Disclosure of specifics, such as the bases of a study, if results have been presented at a meeting, etc.
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15. Expression of Ideas
Essential to use correct grammar and professional writing style
Orderly presentations of ideas
Consistent in use of verb tense
Unbiased language
Correct spelling and punctuation
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16. Abbreviations Some common scientific abbreviations a.m. ante meridiem
cm centimeter
dB decible
hr hour
in. inch
IQ intelligence quotient
mg milligram
p.m. post meridiem
ppm parts per million
s second
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17. Use of Periods with Abbreviations
Use periods with
Initials of names (P. R. Jones).
Abbrev. for United States when used as an adjective (U.S. Navy)
Latin abbreviations
(a.m., cf., i.e., vs.)
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18. Use of Periods with Abbreviations
Do not use periods with
Abbreviations of state names (NY; OH; Washington, DC) in reference list entries
Capital letter abbreviations and acronyms (APA, NIMH, IQ) (p. 110)
Metric and nonmetric measurement abbreviations (cd, cm, ft, hr, lb, kg, min, ml)
Exception – inch abbreviated as in.
Without the period it could be misread
Abbreviations for routes of administration
icv, im, ip, iv, sc
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19. Plurals of Abbreviations
Usually you add an “s” alone, but not italicized
Without an apostrophe
IQs Eds. Vols. Ms ps ns
Exceptions
Do not add an s to make abbreviations of units of measurement pleural
For example: 3 cm, not 3 cms
To form the pleural of the reference abbreviation p. (page)
Write pp.
Do not add an s
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20. Page Header & Running Head
The running head appears on every page
In the page header at the left margin
With the page number at the right margin
No more than the first 50 characters of the title should appear
All in uppercase letters
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21. Headings
Headings indicate the organization of a manuscript and establish the importance of each topic.
Regardless of the number of levels of subheadings within a section, they should follow the same top- down progression.
Each section begins with the highest level of heading.
Even if one section may have fewer levels of subheading than another
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22. Headings The APA Manual discusses the 5 levels of headings
6th edition - see pages 62-63
Each heading level is numbered
The heading structure for all sections follows the same top-down progression
Each section starts with the highest level of heading
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23. Headings Level 1 Heading Level 2 Heading Level 3 Heading
Bolded, Centered Uppercase and Lowercase words
Level 2 Heading
Bolded at the left margin with upper and lowercase words
Level 3 Heading
Bolded, indented, with only the first letter of the first word in caps, and ending with a period
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24. Headings Level 4 Heading Level 5 Heading
Bolded, indented, italicized, with only the first letter of the first word in caps and ending with a period.
Level 5 Heading
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
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25. Levels of Heading
The heading structure for all sections follows the same top-down progression
Each section starts with the highest level of heading.
Example:
Method Level 1
Sample and Participant Selection Level 2
Assessments and Measures Level 2
Q-sort measure of inhibition. Level 3
Life history calendar. Level 3
Measures of time. Level 4
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26. Quotations When quoting, Citing sources within the narrative
always provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text.
Reproduce it word for word.
Incorporate a short quotation (less than 40 words) in text, and enclose with double quotation marks.
“ ”
For quotations of 40 or more words
Omit quotations marks and use block quote format
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27. When to use quotation marks
Use double quote marks
To introduce a word or phrase used as a comment, as slang, or as an invented or coined expression.
The first time the word or phrase is used, then not needed
To set off the title of an article or chapter in a periodical or book when the title is mentioned in the text
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28. Double or single quotation marks
for quotations in text
Single –
within double quotation marks to set off material that, in the original source, was enclosed in double quotation marks
In block quotes (40 or more words) –
do not use any quotation marks
use double marks to enclosed any quoted material within a block quote.
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29. Block Quotes 40 or more words Free-standing block of typewritten lines
Omit quotation marks
Start a block quote on a new line
Indent it 5 to 7 spaces from left margin
Type subsequent lines flush with indent
Type entire quotation double- spaced
If quote is more than one paragraph
Indent first line of 2nd and additional paragraphs 5-7 spaces from the new margin.
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30. Block quote
According to Salka (2004), Leadership is what makes organizations effective. It’s the essential spark that makes things happen. Without leadership, an organization is just a loosely connected group of people operating without a unifying focus or coordinating mission, pursuing different goals, flailing in a hundred sometimes contradictory directions. (p. 7) The leadership role includes organizational skills, such as having a vision, being able to set the strategic direction of the firm, able to clearly communicate goals and objectives, and being responsible and accountable.
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31. Omitting material from quotes
Use 3 ellipsis points (…) within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source in a sentence.
Use 4 points (….) to indicate any omission between two sentences.
The manager felt that employees
needed to have increased responsibilities.
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32. Citation of sources of quotes
Direct quote in text –
Provide author, year and page # in parentheses
Paragraph numbers may be used in place of page number for electronic text
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, it is not required to provide a page number.
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33. Date
If more than the year is listed, then include the complete listing in the following order
Year, month, day
If no date is provided
identify this as no date
(n.d.)
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34. Citation of sources of quotes
In mid-sentence, cite source in parentheses immediately after the quote marks, then continue the sentence.
“Four types of culture are adaptability,
achievement, clan and bureaucratic” (Daft,
2003, p. 98), and these are illustrated in
Exhibit 3.7.
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35. Citation of sources of quotes
At the end of a sentence
close the quoted passage with quote marks,
cite the quoted source in parentheses after the quotation marks,
and end with a period or other punctuation outside the final parenthesis. (p. 121)
At the end of a block quote –
cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark.
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36. Reference citations in text (see pp 174-176)
One author
Jones (1997);
(Walker, 2001)
In 1997, Jones
One work, multiple authors
2 authors, cite both names every time used
3,4 or 5 authors, cite all authors 1st time used,
In subsequent citations, only surname of first author followed by “et al.” and the year
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37. Reference citations in text (see pp 175-176)
6 or more authors
Cite only surname of 1st author followed by “et al.” and the year for first and subsequent citations
Groups as authors
Corporations, government agencies, etc.
Usually spelled out each time they appear in a citation
Give enough info in citation for reader to locate entry in reference list
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38. Reference citations in text (see pp 176-177)
Works with no author
Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year
Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report.
Anonymous author
Cite in text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date
(Anonymous, 2009)
Note: In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous.
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39. Author Variations Associations Author as publisher Collaboration
Corporate author
Editors
Government agency of institute
Group authors
Multiple authors
No author
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40. Personal Communications
Letters, memos, some electronic communications ( ), telephone conversations, etc.
Since they cannot be recovered,
they are not included in the reference list.
Cite in text only.
**Provide as exact a date as possible.
According to B. Smith (personal communication, September 2, 2009)
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41. Secondary Sources (see p. 178)
Citing a work discussed in a secondary source
Put the secondary source in the reference list.
In text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source
Smith and Jones study (as cited in Brown, Adams, Green & Walters, 2008) revealed some unusual findings.
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42. Reference List (see p. 180)
Provides the information to retrieve each source
Include only sources used in the paper
Sources listed alphabetically
Data must be correct and complete
List is double-spaced
Use a hanging indent
Entries start flush left with margin
2nd and subsequent lines indented 5-7 spaces
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43. Order of References in Reference List (p. 181)
Alphabetical by surname of first author
For several works by same first author
Arranged by year of publication, earliest first
Jones, L. L. (1996).
Jones, L. L. (1998).
One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname
Brown, T. (2004)
Brown, T. & Green, A. (1999)
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44. Order of References in Reference List
References by same author with the same publication date, are arranged alphabetically by title
Lower case letters (a,b,c) are placed immediately after the year in the parentheses
Jones, B. G. (1999a). After the study
Jones, B. G. (1999b). Framing the study . . .
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45. Order of works with group authors or with no authors (p. 183)
Alphabetize group authors (associations, gov. agencies) by first significant word of the name
Full, official names should be used
If work is anonymous
Entry begins with the word Anonymous
If there is no author
The title moves to the author position
The entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title
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46. Reference list citation for a chapter in a book
A nonperiodical is a book
To cite a chapter in a book, the format is slightly different
Author, A., & Author, B. (1999). Title of chapter. In F. Editor, G, Editor, & H. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp ). Location: Publisher.
Note that the order of the editor names are listed first initial, then last name, which is just the opposite of the way an author is listed (last name first, then initial of first name)
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47. ON-LINE SOURCES E-mail communications Web site
An article from an on-line journal
An on-line magazine article
Database accessed from Web
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48. Examples E-mail communications Web site
Cited as personal communications, only in text as
Taylor (personal communication, February 3, 2007).
Web site
Cited in text (not on reference list)
There is a good nursing website that offers many free benefits to healthcare professionals (
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49. Examples On-line article from journal
Burns, J. (1999). Technology Issues. Business Quarterly, 11(4), Retrieved January
4, 2004 from:
Note that the journal name and volume number are in italics
Note: a retrieval date may not be necessary
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50. Examples On-line magazine article, no author
Business and technology. (1998, December).
Forbes, 11, Retrieved March 1,
2008 from:
Reminder:
The journal name and volume number are italicized;
A retrieval date may not be necessary
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51. Order of citation elements for a journal
Author – last name, first name initial
Do not use titles, such as Dr., Ph.D., R.N., etc.
Date of publication
Title of article
Name of journal
Volume number
Issue number
Page number(s)
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52. Online Reminders
Format similar to printed reference material with website info added at end of reference
Give date of retrieval – only for sources with limited circulation or for sources that may change over time.
Web documents may change, move or be deleted
Retrieved May 3, 2007 from
Note: in many cases, a retrieval date will not be necessary.
Do not use a period at end of web address
It may get confused with the address
Be careful in use of online sources
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53. Online Reminders For databases
Database information (e.g., ProQuest, EBSCOhost) is not needed
Databases vary among institutions
Use the DOI record for electronic references, not the name of the database.
Example:
Jones, N. & Lynch, J. (2007). Reasons for going green. International Journal of Contemporary Science, 16(2), doi: /
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54. THE DOI (p. 188-189) The DOI – digital object identifier
Provides a means of persistent identification for managing information on digital networks.
It identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet
All DOI numbers begin with a 10
And contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash
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55. Online Sources If the document does not have a DOI Example
Use the URL of the publisher’s website
Example
Daniels, D. (2005). 50 best companies. Fortune, 149(13), Retrieved from
Cite page numbers if available or a paragraph number for in-text citations
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56. Citation of Online References
The paragraph symbol ¶ is not used with in-text citations for online sources.
The abbreviation para. should be used.
According to Jones (2009), “. . . nurses will make more money in 2010” (para. 16).
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57. The URL It is the most important element
If it does not work, the reader cannot access the information
The credibility of the paper will suffer
See APA Manual, pp
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58. More examples Online, no date, government document Business website
Internal Revenue Service (IRS). (n.d.). Notice lifetime learning credit. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from http//:
Business website
Herman Miller Inc. (2002). Environments for learning. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from
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59. More examples Online dictionary
Merriam-Webster Inc. (2003). Online dictionary. Retrieved April 10, 2003, from
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60. For more complete information 
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