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Unit 7 Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems
Nurse Aide I Course DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems
This unit reviews the structure and function of the body and its systems. It presents common disorders of each system and lists the normal changes that occur with the aging process. It includes signs and symptoms which should be reported. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems (continued)
A basic knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology will help the nurse aide to understand the signs and symptoms of disease, the reasons for the care given, and the purposes of procedures that are carried out for the resident’s comfort, healing and recovery. In-depth information is not provided. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems (continued)
It is intended that upon completion of the unit, the student will have rudimentary knowledge of the body systems sufficient to enhance resident care. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Body Systems DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Objectives 7.0 Discuss the makeup of the male and female body. 7.1 Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems of the body. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Body Systems Cells Building blocks of body Microscopic in size Cells combine to form tissue DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Body Systems Tissues Cells organized into tissue to carry on particular activities (connect, support, absorb, secrete, protect, direct, coordinate, allow movement) Groups of tissues form organs DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Objective 7.1.1 List the organs of the body. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Body Systems Organs Made up of several types of tissues Carry on special functions Some organs in pairs - kidneys and lungs Some organs single – heart, brain, liver, stomach, intestines, bladder Organs combine to form systems DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Objective 7.1.2 Identify the systems of the body. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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A system is a group of organs that work together.
Systems A system is a group of organs that work together. Body Systems Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Urinary Endocrine Nervous Reproductive Integumentary Sensory DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Systems combine to form the human body.
Body Systems Systems combine to form the human body. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
The Skeletal System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Objective 7.2 Identify functions of the skeletal system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
The Skeletal System Comprises the bony framework of the body Has 206 bones DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Skeletal System (continued)
FUNCTIONS: Support Protect Movement Mineral storage Blood cell production DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Skeletal System (continued)
JOINTS - point where bones meet: Immovable – cranium Slightly movable - vertebral discs Freely movable - shoulder, knee, wrist DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Skeletal System (continued)
COMPOSITION OF JOINTS: Ligament - connects bone to bone Tendon - connects muscle to bone DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Skeletal System (continued)
COMPOSITION OF JOINTS: Bursa - fluid filled sac that allows bones to move easily over others Cartilage – connective tissue that cushions the joint at end of bones and between bones DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Objective 7.2.1 Discuss common disorders of the skeletal system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Skeletal System
Osteoporosis - porous bone that breaks easily DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Skeletal System (continued)
Fracture - break in bone simple - bone broken, skin intact compound - bone broken, penetrates skin comminuted - bone broken, fragments in tissue greenstick - incomplete break DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Skeletal System (continued)
Arthritis - inflammation of the joints osteoarthritis due to stress on joints usually affects weight bearing joints: knees, hips, vertebrae and fingers aching, stiffness, limited motion DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Skeletal System (continued)
Arthritis - inflammation of the joints rheumatoid arthritis - systemic disease causes inflammation, deformity and crippling joints painful, stiff, swollen, red and warm DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Skeletal System (continued)
Amputation – removal of all or part of limb Sprain - stretched or torn ligaments or tendons Bursitis - inflammation of bursa causing pain on movement DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Objective 7.2.2 Discuss changes that take place in the skeletal system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Skeletal System Changes Due To Aging
Bones more porous or brittle Joints less flexible Postural changes Awkward walking patterns Slowed recovery from position changes and sudden movements DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.2.3 List observations/situations relating to skeletal system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System
Slow and unsteady body movement Difficulty holding objects Complaint of pain in joints Swelling, redness and warmth in joints Inability to move joints DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System (continued)
Complaint of pain with movement Complaint of neck or head pain Resident who has fallen (stay with resident, call for help, do not move resident or allow resident to move) DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System (continued)
Resident with cast on arm or leg complaint of pain in limb swelling of fingers or toes pale skin of fingers or toes cyanosis and coolness of fingers or toes DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System (continued)
Resident with cast on arm or leg odor or drainage from cast inability to move toes or fingers complaint of numbness of fingers or toes drainage from cast DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
The Muscular System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.3 Identify functions of muscles. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
The Muscular System Provides body with ability to move Over 650 different muscles that comprise nearly half the body weight DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Muscular System (continued)
Functions of muscles Allow movement Help body stay erect – posture Produce most of body’s heat Give body form Provide movement of internal organs DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.3.1 Discuss common disorders of the muscular system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Muscular System
Paralysis - loss of voluntary movement due to neurological damage such as stroke or trauma Multiple sclerosis – weakness of muscles due to loss of covering on nerves that control them Atrophy – muscle mass decreases in size DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Muscular System (continued)
Contracture - permanent shortening of muscle; joints become ankylosed (frozen) Muscle strain – damage caused by trauma Myalgia - muscle pain Torn muscle - tear caused by trauma DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.3.2 Discuss changes in the muscular system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes in Muscular System Due to Aging
Poorer response to stimuli Pain when moving, therefore muscles not used as often Less active Muscle strength and bulk loss Slower muscle - nerve interaction DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.3.3 List observations relating to the muscular system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of Muscular System to Report
Difficulty holding or lifting objects Inability to move a body part Difficulty walking Loss of muscle strength and tone DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of Muscular System to Report (continued)
Edema of tissue or joint Complaint of muscle pain Generalized weakness and fatigue Slow, unsteady body movement DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Circulatory System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.4 Identify functions of the circulatory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
Circulatory System Circulation is continuous movement of blood throughout body DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Circulatory System (continued)
Functions of circulatory system Arteries carry blood with oxygen and nutrients away from heart and to cells Veins carry waste products away from cells and to heart DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Blood Adult has 5 to 6 quarts (liters) Consists of water - 90% (plasma) blood cells carbon dioxide and oxygen nutrients, hormones and enzymes waste products DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Blood (continued) Types of blood cells Red blood cells - erythrocytes carry oxygen from blood to cells White blood cells - leukocytes fight infection Platelets - thrombocytes required for clotting to stop bleeding DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Blood Vessels Arteries - carry blood away from heart Veins – carry blood to heart DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.4.1 Discuss how the blood vessels relate to the pulse and blood pressure. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Heart Tissue (three layers) endocardium - smooth, inner layer myocardium – thick, muscular middle layer pericardium – double-walled membrane that covers outside of heart DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Heart Chambers Heart divided into right and left side Atria – upper chambers – receive blood Ventricles – lower chambers – pump blood to lungs and body DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Heart Chambers Four chambers right atrium (1) - receives blood from two large veins: superior vena cava inferior vena cava 1 2 right ventricle (2) - receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs through pulmonary artery DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Heart Chambers (continued)
Four chambers left atrium (3) - receives oxygenated blood from left and right pulmonary veins left ventricle (4) - pumps blood to aorta, which delivers blood to all body parts (except lungs) 3 4 DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Heart Valves Located at entrance and exit of each ventricle Four heart valves Valves DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Heartbeat Systole - contraction of heart muscle Diastole - relaxation of heart muscle Blood pressure – highest and lowest pressure against walls of blood vessels as heart contracts and relaxes Pulse - expansion and contraction of artery DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.4.2 Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of the Circulatory System
Arteriosclerosis - walls of arteries become thick and harden Hypertension - high blood pressure Peripheral vascular disease - decrease in flow of blood to extremities and brain Angina pectoris - chest pain DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of the Circulatory System (continued)
Varicose veins - enlarged, twisted veins usually in legs Congestive heart failure - circulatory congestion caused by weak pumping of heart muscle Myocardial infarction (MI) - heart attack due to blockage in coronary arteries DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of the Circulatory System (continued)
Anemia – low red blood cell counts Thrombus – blood clot Phlebitis – inflammation of vein Atherosclerosis - fatty deposits on walls of arteries that reduce blood flow DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.4.3 Discuss changes that occur in the circulatory system with aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes of the Circulatory System Due To Aging
Heart muscle less efficient Blood pumped with less force Arteries lose elasticity and become narrow Blood pressure increases Blood chemistry less efficient Capillaries become more fragile DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.4.3 List observations relating to the circulatory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of the Circulatory System
Changes in pulse rate and blood pressure Changes in skin color Changes in skin temperature – coldness DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of the Circulatory System (continued)
Complaint of dizziness and headaches Complaint of pain in chest and/or indigestion Edema in feet and legs Shortness of breath DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of the Circulatory System (continued)
Sweating Blue color to lips and/or nail beds Complaint of tingling sensations Memory lapses Lack of energy Irregular respirations Anxiety Staring and lack of responsiveness DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.5 Identify the function and structure of the respiratory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System
Respiration means to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide necessary for life DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System (continued)
Process External respiration - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between lungs and blood Internal respiration - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between blood stream and cells DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System Structure
Oral cavity – mouth Pharynx – throat Larynx - voice box Trachea – windpipe Bronchi - right and left Bronchioles - smallest branches of bronchi Alveoli - air sacs covered with capillaries DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System Structure (continued)
Nose - lined with mucous membrane air filtered by cilia mucous membrane warms and moistens air DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System Structure (continued)
Lungs right - 3 lobes left - 2 lobes DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Respiratory System Structure (continued)
Pleura – membrane that encloses lungs Diaphragm - muscle that separates the chest and abdomen contraction - draws air into lungs relaxation - forces air out of lungs DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.5.1 Review common disorders of the respiratory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Respiratory System
URI – Upper Respiratory Infection - infection of nose, throat, larynx, trachea Pneumonia - inflammation or infection of the lungs DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Respiratory System (continued)
Emphysema (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – COPD) – alveoli become stretched and stiff preventing adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Asthma – spasms of bronchial tube walls causing narrowing of air passages usually due to allergies DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Respiratory System (continued)
Allergy – reaction to substances that leads to slight or severe response by body. Influenza – highly contagious URI Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Respiratory System (continued)
Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi Lung cancer - malignant tumors in the lungs that destroy tissue DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.5.2 Discuss changes in the respiratory system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes in Respiratory System Due To Aging
Lung tissue becomes less elastic Respiratory muscles weaken Number of alveoli decrease Respirations increase Voice pitched higher and weaker due to changes in larynx Chest wall and structures become more rigid DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.5.3 List observations relating to the respiratory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of Respiratory System
Rate and rhythm of respirations Respiratory secretions – character Character of cough Changes in skin color - pale or bluish gray Temperature changes Difficulty breathing DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of Respiratory System (continued)
Color of sputum Complaint of pain in chest, back, sides Shortness of breath Noisy respirations Sneezing Gasping for breath Anxiety DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Digestive System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.6 Identify functions and structures of the digestive system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Digestive System Also called the gastrointestinal system Extends from mouth to anus Functions Digestion Absorption DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Digestive System Structures
Mouth Stomach – holds food until digestive juices chemically break it down into liquid chyme DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Digestive System Structures
Intestines small intestine about 20 ft. long food digestion completed and nutrients absorbed into bloodstream DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Digestive System Structures (continued)
Intestines large intestine 6 ft. long absorbs water, mineral salts and vitamins secretes mucus to aid in movement of feces has ability to add or remove water from feces DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.2 Identify functions of the skeletal system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Digestive System Accessory Organs Liver – produces bile for breakdown of fats Gallbladder – stores bile produced by liver Pancreas - manufactures insulin and digestive enzymes DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.6.1 Discuss common disorders of the digestive system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Digestive System
Ulcer - a lesion or erosion of the lining of the stomach or small intestine Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver Cirrhosis – chronic disease of liver where scar tissue replaces liver tissue Cholelithiasis - stones in the gallbladder DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Digestive System (continued)
Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder Colitis – inflammatory disease of the colon DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Digestive System (continued)
Hemorrhoids - enlarged veins in anal area Constipation - difficulty in expelling fecal material; incomplete or infrequent bowel movements Diarrhea – watery bowel movements DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Digestive System (continued)
Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach lining Enteritis – inflammation of the intestines Gastroenteritis - inflammation of the stomach lining and intestines DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Digestive System (continued)
Cancer - may occur anywhere along digestive tract Hernia – protrusion of organ through wall of cavity where it is normally contained DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Digestive System (continued)
Diverticulosis - chronic disease in which many diverticula (small blind pouches) form in the lining and wall of the colon Diverticulitis – inflammation of diverticula DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.6.2 Discuss changes in the digestive system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Digestive System Due To Aging
Decreased number of taste buds Slowing of peristalsis causing constipation Slower absorption of nutrients Difficulty chewing and swallowing DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Digestive System Due To Aging (continued)
Loss of bowel muscle tone Decrease in amount of digestive enzymes and saliva production Decreased appetite Loss of teeth Altered taste and smell DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.6.3 List observations relating to the digestive system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Digestive System
Stool color and consistency Abdomen – flat or distended Date and time of last bowel movement Nausea and vomiting DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Digestive System
Blood in emesis or stool Complaint of pain in stomach Difficulty swallowing Poor appetite Constipation and diarrhea DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Urinary System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.7 Identify functions and structure of the urinary system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Urinary System Also known as excretory system DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Urinary System (continued)
Functions Filter waste products from blood Produce urine Aid in maintenance of water balance Regulate acid-base balance of body Store urine until passed from body DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Urinary System Structure
Kidneys: purplish brown, bean-shaped organs located at back of abdominal cavity weight 4-6 ounces each filter waste products from blood DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Urinary System Structure (continued)
Ureters - tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary bladder - muscular sac that expands to hold urine received from the kidney Urethra - tube extending from bladder to outside of body DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.7.1 Describe the characteristics of normal urine. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Urinary System Characteristics of normal urine Pale yellow to amber Clear Acidic Quantity ml. per day pH 5.0 – 7.0 DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.7.2 Discuss common disorders of the urinary system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Urinary System
Nephritis - inflammation of kidney due to infection Cystitis - inflammation of urinary bladder due to infection Calculi – kidney or bladder stones DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Urinary System (continued)
Uremia - accumulation of urea in blood due to kidney disease Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Urinary System (continued)
Kidney failure – decreased ability of kidney to filter waste products from the blood Urinary incontinence -inability to control urination DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of Urinary System (continued)
UTI - Urinary Tract Infection Retention - inability to completely empty the bladder Hematuria - blood in the urine DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.7.3 Discuss changes of the urinary system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Urinary System Due to Aging
Decreased kidney size Decreased elasticity of ureters, bladder and urethra Decreased muscle tone Diminished blood flow to kidneys DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Urinary System Due to Aging (continued)
Decreased ability of kidneys to concentrate urine Difficulty emptying urinary bladder Enlarged prostate in males which presses on urethra DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.7.4 List observations relating to the urinary system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of Urinary System
Elevated temperature Sugar and/or acetone in urine Urine color other than clear, pale yellow DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of Urinary System (continued)
Complaint of burning on urination Incontinence Polyuria - excessive amounts of urine per voiding DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of Urinary System (continued)
Hematuria - blood in urine Nocturia – excessive urination at night Urine having strong odor or cloudy appearance Voiding small amounts of urine frequently DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Endrocrine System (Glands) DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.8 Identify functions of the endocrine system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Endocrine System (Glands)
Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Endocrine System (Glands)
Functions of endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate growth and development secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and reproduction secretes hormones that regulate the immune response DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.8.1 Discuss the most common disorder of the endocrine system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus – the most common disorder of the endocrine system 80% of diabetics over 40 years of age incidence increases as people age 5% of people over age 65 require treatment DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Diabetes Mellitus (continued)
Diabetes mellitus – the most common disorder of the endocrine system USA has highest morbidity and mortality rates disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with decreased insulin production from pancreas DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Diabetes Mellitus (continued)
Uncontrolled diabetes leads to damage to eyes, kidneys, circulation Diabetes characterized by consistent, elevated blood glucose levels requiring oral medication to stimulate pancreas or insulin injections DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Diabetes Mellitus Hypoglycemia low blood sugar Hyperglycemia high blood sugar DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.8.2 Discuss the changes in the endocrine system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In The Endocrine System Due To Aging
Decrease in thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and sex hormone secretions Decreased glucose tolerance (Diabetes) Multiple physical changes due to decrease of sex hormones DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.8.3 List observations relating to endocrine system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observation Of The Endocrine System
Irritability & restlessness Nervousness Confusion Weight loss Diaphoresis Edema Excessive thirst Sweet, fruity odor to breath DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observation Of The Endocrine System (continued)
Complaint of headache Drowsiness Rapid, weak pulse Low blood pressure Nausea or vomiting Flushed, dry, hot skin Excessive urination DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Nervous System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objectives 7.9 Identify functions of the two major parts of the nervous system. Explain how damage to the nervous system differs from damage to other body systems. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Nervous System Controls and organizes all body activities Divided into two parts Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system brain spinal cord DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Nervous System (continued)
Basic unit of structure - neuron or nerve cell Most complex cell in body Does not reproduce; if destroyed, it is not replaced DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Nervous System (continued)
Nervous system enables you to Speak Hear Taste See Smell Think Respond/move Learn Remember DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Structure of Nervous System
Central nervous system brain cerebrum largest portion of brain responsible for judgment, memory, association and discrimination divided into left and right hemispheres DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Structure of Nervous System (continued)
Central nervous system (continued) brain cerebellum - responsible for coordination of muscles, balance and posture, and muscle tone thalamus - monitors sensory stimuli DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Structure of Nervous System (continued)
Central nervous system (continued) brain hypothalamus - controls the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, body temperature, appetite, water balance, the GI system, sleep, emotional state DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Structure of Nervous System (continued)
Central nervous system (continued) brain pons - responsible for reflex actions like chewing, and production of saliva medulla oblongata - regulates heartbeat, respirations, swallowing, coughing, blood pressure DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Structure of Nervous System (continued)
Central nervous system (continued) spinal cord 18 inches long extends from brain to small of back carries messages to and from brain relays messages to body through spinal nerves handles reflexes DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Structure of Nervous System (continued)
Peripheral nervous system – nerves leaving the spinal cord and going throughout the body digestion secretion of glands heart beat and breathing DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.9.2 Discuss common disorders or conditions of the nervous system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Or Conditions Of The Nervous System
CVA – Stroke or cerebrovascular accident - damage to part of brain due to blood clot or hemorrhage cutting off blood supply Head or spinal cord injuries DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Or Conditions Of The Nervous System (continued)
Dementia from nutritional deficiencies, exposure to toxic substances, reduced blood flow to brain or unknown causes Alzheimer’s disease - common cause of organic disease DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Or Conditions Of The Nervous System (continued)
Parkinson’s disease – progressive nervous disease associated with destruction of brain cells Multiple sclerosis - loss of covering around nerve fibers interfering with nerve impulses to and from brain DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.9.3 Discuss changes in the nervous system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In The Nervous System Due To Aging
Loss of nerve/brain cells Increase in reaction time Changes in memory Receptors become less sensitive, so require increased stimuli for response DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In The Nervous System Due To Aging (continued)
Reduced sense of touch and sensitivity to pain Reduced blood flow to brain Forgetfulness DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.9.4 List observations relating to the nervous system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Nervous System
Jerking motions Speech changes Complaint of numbness Complaint of dizziness Complaint of nausea DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Nervous System (continued)
Confusion Complaint of loss of feeling on one side Incontinence Deranged thought processes Tremors DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Nervous System (continued)
Muscular rigidity Complaint of visual disturbances or changes Paralysis Seizures DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Sensory Organs DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.10 Identify functions of the sensory organs. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Sensory Organs Part of nervous system Sensory neurons make one aware of changes in the environment Changes known as stimuli DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Sensory Organs (continued)
Functions of the sensory system Vision Hearing Smell Taste Touch DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Sensory Organs Specialized functions Eye sense of sight receives images and sends to brain Ear sense of hearing transmits sounds to brain DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Sensory Organs (continued)
Nose - (sense of smell) – allows recognition of odors and improves taste of food Taste buds on tongue - (sense of taste) – allows recognition of sweet, sour, bitter, salty DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Sensory Organs (continued)
Skin - (sense of touch) – allows recognition of objects, pressure, heat, cold, pain, and pleasure DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss common disorders of the sensory organs. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Sensory Organs
Cataract - lens of eye loses its transparency Glaucoma - increased pressure in the eye due to an excess of aqueous humor Conjunctivitis - inflammation of the eyelid lining DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Sensory Organs (continued)
Sty - tiny abscess at the base of an eyelash Otitis media - infection of the middle ear Deafness - partial or complete hearing loss DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss changes in the sensory organs due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Sensory Organs Due to Aging
Lens in eye becomes thick and cloudy Sclera becomes more yellow Less light reaches inner eye Hearing structures of ear become less moveable Soft wax production decreases DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Sensory Organs Due to Aging (continued)
Progressive hearing loss of high-pitched sounds occurs Peripheral vision and night vision decreases Eye adjusts more slowly to changes in distance Sense of smell decreases DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Sensory Organs Due to Aging (continued)
Sense of taste (sweet and salty first) decreases Accommodation to light and dark decreases Sense of touch, heat, cold, pain and pressure awareness decreases DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective List observations relating to the sensory system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Sensory Organs
Sclera (white of eye) suddenly reddened or yellow Lens of eye becomes cloudy Complaint of pain in or around ear or eye Red, swollen eye lid Drainage from eyes Complaint of difficulty seeing objects DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Sensory Organs (continued)
Comment that rainbows apparent around lights Drainage from ear canal Complaint of feeling of fluid or noise in ear Complaint of sudden flashes of light or loss of sight DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Integumentary System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.11 Identify functions of the integumentary system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Integumentary System (Skin)
Skin is body’s largest organ DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Integumentary System (Skin) (continued)
Functions Protects body from injury and pathogens Regulates body temperature Eliminates waste through perspiration Contains nerve endings for cold, heat, pain, pressure and pleasure Stores fat and vitamins DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Integumentary System (Skin) (continued)
Hair and nails are appendages of skin DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss common disorders of the skin. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Integumentary System
Athletes foot - caused by a fungus, involves toes and soles of feet Boils – caused by bacteria entering hair follicles or sebaceous glands Eczema - red, itchy areas on the surface of skin Skin cancer DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Integumentary System (continued)
Dermatitis - inflammation of skin Tears – due to fragile skin Warts – viral infection of skin Burns – first, second, or third degree, depending on amount of skin tissue destroyed Bruising – due to fragile skin and/or effects of medications DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders Of The Integumentary System (continued)
Pressure sores - caused by poor circulation resulting from pressure that destroys skin and creates ulcer Shingles - skin eruption due to viral infection Gangrene - necrosis of tissue cells due to blockage of blood supply to an area, or blockage from disease or direct injury DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss changes in the integumentary system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In The Integumentary System Due To Aging
Compromised circulation Less active glands Drying, thinning and scaling of skin Thickening of nails Loss of fat and elasticity of skin Loss of hair color and thinning of hair DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In The Integumentary System Due To Aging (continued)
Development of skin tags, moles and warts Folds, lines and wrinkles in skin Nails harden, become more brittle DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective List observations relating to the integumentary system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations Of The Integumentary System To Report
Breaks Rash Complaint of itching Black and blue areas Redness Ulcers, sores or drainage DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The Reproductive System DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.12 Identify functions of the reproductive system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Reproductive System Organs have dual functions Produce reproductive cells Produce hormones responsible for sex characteristics females - estrogen and progesterone males - testosterone DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of the Reproductive System
Rectocele and cystocele – hernias rectocele - weakening of wall between vagina and rectum constipation results hemorrhoids form cystocele - weakening of wall between urethra and vagina causes urinary incontinence DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued)
Tumors - benign and malignant tumors of uterus, ovaries and breasts pap smear self breast exams biopsy DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Common Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued)
Sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea syphilis herpes AIDS Prostatic hypertrophy - enlargement of prostate gland Vaginitis DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss changes in the reproductive system due to aging. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Reproductive System Due To Aging
Decreased size of testes Decreased production of sperm Delayed or less forceful ejaculation Slower sexual response Enlargement of prostate Decreased sexual desire DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Changes In Reproductive System Due To Aging (continued)
Sagging breasts Stopping of ovulation Decreased vaginal secretions Thinning of tissue of vaginal lining Decreased sex hormone production Loss of hair in vulva area DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective List observations relating to the reproductive system. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Observations of Reproductive System
Bleeding Complaint of pain Vaginal discharge Complaint of itching Lumps DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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CANCER: Second Leading Cause of Death in U.S. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective 7.13 Define and discuss cancer. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Cancer Definition – abnormal growth of cells that can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of body Cancer cells can originate in any body tissue DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Two Main Types Of Cancer
Carcinoma skin lining of hollow organs and passageways Sarcoma bone muscle lymph system cartilage DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective List two types of tumors and explain how they are different. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Tumor – Growth Of Abnormal Cells
Benign tumor grows slowly localized area Malignant tumor grows slow or fast depending on type of cancer invades other tissues and/or travels to other parts of body causes death if not treated and controlled DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Cancer – Most Common Sites
Skin Lungs Colon Rectum Breast Prostate Uterus DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective List the seven warning signs of cancer. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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CAUTION=Seven Early Warning Signs Of Cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits. A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious changes in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Describe the three most common types of treatment for cancer. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Standard Cancer Treatment
Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy oral intramuscular intravenous DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective Discuss the guidelines for care of residents with cancer. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Guidelines For Care Of Residents Being Treated For Cancer
Fatigue - provide time for rest and recognize limitations Loss of appetite smaller meals nutritious snacks report requests for medications promptly DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Guidelines For Care Of Residents Being Treated For Cancer (continued)
Skin – keep clean and dry eliminate irritation or pressure report rashes, irritation, broken areas DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Guidelines For Care Of Residents Being Treated For Cancer (continued)
Mouth - keep very clean provide frequent mouth care encourage liquids DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Guidelines For Care Of Residents Being Treated For Cancer (continued)
Alopecia (loss of hair) emotional support needed help resident to select head covering wig scarf turban hat DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Guidelines For Care Of Residents Being Treated For Cancer (continued)
Supportive actions be positive but realistic help to feel as attractive as possible don’t offer false hope listen to concerns be understanding of fears and frustrations DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Objective List observations relating to cancer. DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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Cancer – Observations To Report
Behavioral changes Constipation Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Sores in mouth Fever Changes in weight Bleeding Changes in vital signs Complaint of pain DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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The End DFS Approved Curriculum-Unit 7
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