1. RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING DARKROOM

2. THE PROCESSING AREA
PROCESSING AREA
VIEWING SECTION

3. VIEWING AREA
PROCESSING AREA

4. VIEWING SECTION VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY-500-1000 FOOT CANDLES

5. PHOTOMETER IS USED TO MEASURE VIEWBOX ILLUMINATION INTENSITY

6. VIEWING STATION

7. ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED
VIEWBOX LIGHT
IF ONE BULB IS BLOWN
ALL BULBS HAVE TO REPLACED

8. VIWBOXES TO BE CLEANED ONCE EVERY 6 MONTHS
IF USED 24/7 – BULBS CHANGES ONCE A YEAR
IF USED 12/7 BULBS CHANGED ONCE EVERY TWO YEARS

9. VIEWING AREA HOT LIGHT

10. MOST OF MODERN MEDICAL IMAGING DEPARTMENTS USE AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS—MOST OF THOSE ARE DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS

11. AUTOMATIC DAYLIGHT PROCESSORS

12. AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS

13. AUTOMATIC DARKROOM PROCESSORS

14. MANUAL PROCESSING

15. DARKROOM

16. BASIC COMPONENTS OF DARKROOM
STORAGE SHELVES
WORKBENCH

17. BASIC COMPONENTS: PROCESSOR

18. BASIC COMPONENTS: CHEMISTRY MIXING TANKS

19. BASIC COMPONENTS: FILM DUPLICATOR

20. DUPLICATING FILM EXPOSED TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

21. BASIC COMPONENTS: FILM FLASHER

22. BASIC COMPONENTS: SILVER RECOVERY SYSTEM

23. BASIC COMPONENTS FILM BIN

24. FILM BIN AUDIO ALARM

25. CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES
FILM BIN ANATOMY
CONTAINS INDIVIDUAL SLOTS THAT HOLD FILMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

26. TYPICAL DARKROOM FILM BIN
OTHER FILMS
8 x 10
10 x 12
11 x 14
14 x 17
FRONT

27. RADIOGRAPHIC FILM SIZES
14 X17
11 x 14
10 x 12
8 x 10
7 x 17
6 x 12
14 x 36
35 x 43
28 x 35
25 x 30
20 x 25
18 x 43
15 x 30
35 x 91

28. DARKROOM LIGHT
WHITE LIGHTS
SAFELIGHTS

29. WHITE LIGHT IS USED FOR:
EQUIPMENT REPAIR AND DARKROOM CLEANING

30. DURING FILM PROCESSING
SAFELIGHTS USED
DURING FILM PROCESSING

31. SAFELIGHT BULBS INCANDESCENT RECESSED WITHIN METALLIC LIGHT FIXTURE
RED FILTER-- KODAK GBX-2 OR GS-1
AMBER FILTER --WRATTEN 6B

32. SAFELIGHTS RED—GREEN LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM ORTHOCHROMATIC
AMBER –BLUE LIGHT SENSITIVE FILM
TOTAL DARKNESS FOR PANCHROMATIC FILM

33. AT LEAST 3 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY
7.5 W
FILM TRAY

34. AT LEAST 4 FEET FROM THE FILM TRAY
15 W
FILM TRAY

35. LATENSIFICATION
INCCREASED SENSITIVITY TO SAFELIGHT ILLUMINATION AFTER FILM WAS EXPOSED

36. DARKROOM DESIGN

37. LEAD SHIELDING IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOM
1/16 INCH OF LEAD IN THE WALLS ALL THE WAY TO THE CEILING.

38. IF ADJACENT TO X-RAY ROOMS
PASS-BOXES NEEDED TO PASS FILMS DIRECTLY FROM THE X-RAY ROOM TO DARKROOM

39. VENTILATION
SYSTEM MUST BE LIGHTPROOF AND ABLE TO FILTER OUT DUST

40. HUMIDITY
40-60%
> 60%--FILM FOG
<40% STATIC ARTIFACTS

41. SIZE
BIG ENOUGH!!!?

42. COLOR
WALLS AND CEILING CAN BE PAINTED IN ANY COLOR

43. TEMPERATURE
50-70 º F FOR FILM STORAGE– TO SLOW DOWN THE AGING PROCESS OF THE FILM

44. WOULD YOU STORE IT LIKE THIS???

45. STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE MARKS
STORE YOUR FILMS STANDING ON THE EDGE TO AVOID PRESSURE MARKS. USE FILM STORAGE CARTS OR SHELVES

46. DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM
COLOR OF THE MAZE
DARK-- NOT OT REFLECT WHIT LIGHT INTO THE DARKROOM

47. DARKROOM TESTING
WHITE LIGHT LEAKS
SAFELIGHT FOG

48. SAFELIGHT TEST

49. SENSITOMETRY

50. SENSITOMETRY-QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FILM RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE & DEVELOPMENT

51. FILM DEVELOPMENT

52. SENSITOMETRIC STRIPS

53. PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER

54. PRODUCING STRIP WITH PENETROMETER
X-RAY TUBE

55. PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER

56. PRODUCING STRIP WITH SENSITOMETER
VISIBLE LIGHT

57. MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER

58. MEASURING DENSITY WITH DENSITOMETER
VISIBLE LIGHT
I o
I t

59. OD OPTICAL DENSITY
OD= LOG Io/I t

60. 0.3 = 2 X DENSITY

61. OD vs % OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION1 2 3 4
100 10 1
0.1
0.01

62. Characteristic curve, a curve used to show the exposure properties of a film or a film screen system. The characteristic curve, which was described in 1890 by Hurter and Driffield, is a representation of how the exposure of the film is related to the measurable signal, i.e. the blackening of the film, or film density. The characteristic curve is different for different film types but has a general shape as shown in Fig.1. The base and fog density is measured on an unexposed film. The shape of the characteristic curve tells the user the contrast properties (slope of the linear part) and the useful exposure range (length of the linear part). It also will indicate the speed of the film (or film-screen system), which can be judged from the curve's position along the horizontal axis. The speed class can also be found from the characteristic curve

63. SENSITOMETRIC CURVE
H & D CURVE
D Log E CURVE
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

64. SOLARIZATION

65. SYNERGISTIC REACTION
HYDROQUINONE
PHENIDONE

66. SOLARIZATION
FILM DUPLICATION
EXPOSURE TIME DENSITY

67. Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min 0. 15 -
Base Plus Fog ( GROSS FOG, D min OD) The density of the unexposed film base plus any chemical fogging that may occur during processing

68. Inertia Point TRESHOLD The point at which the film has absorbed sufficient light energy to start forming a latent image.

69. Toe A non-linear region where shadow detail is recorded in negative materials (Highlight detail in print material). Compression of the density differences occur and contrast is decreased.

70. Straight Line Portion ( GAMMA, SLOPE) The linear section where most of the information is recorded. This section is used to determine the processed contrast of the film.

71. RANGE OF USEFUL DENSITIES

72. Shoulder A non-linear section
Shoulder A non-linear section. Compression of density differences occur and contrast is decreased. It is unusual to record information on this region of the curve, however this region may be reached with overexposure or extended development such as push processing to increase effective film speed

73. QUANTITATIVE DATA OBTAINED FROM H&D CURVE
FILM SPEED
FILM CONTRAST
B+F ( BASE PLUS FOG)
EXPOSURE LATITUDE

74. FILM SPEED
FAST
SLOW

75. FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT A.G.= (OD2 – OD1)/ (LRE2 –LRE1)

76. FILM CONTRAST STEEPNESS OF THE SLOPE

77. FILM CONTRAST AVERAGE GRADIENT
LRE1
LRE2

78. FILM LATITUDE
LATITUDE
LATITUDE

79. CONTRAST VERY HIGH VISIBILITY OF DETAIL

80. VISIBILITY OF DETAIL vs CONTRAST
HIGH CONTRAST
LOW CONTRAST

81. PROCESSOR MONITORING DEVELOPER TEMP DEVELOPMENT TIME . SPEED FOG
CONTRAST

82. THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

83. AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR DAYLIGHT SYSTEM

84. PROCESSOR

85. SECTIONS OF THE PROCESSORD F W D

87. ENTRANCE ROLLERS
ENTRANCE
ROLLER
ENTRANCE
ROLLER

88. FILMS ORIENTATION ON THE TRAY
14 X 17
11 X 14
10 X 12
8 X 10
7 X 17

89. PROCESSOR SYSTEMS & SUBSYSTEMS
TRANSPORT
TEMP. CONTROL
RECIRCULATION
REPLENISHMENT
DRYER
ELECTRICAL

90. TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT FILM THROUGH PROCESSOR, REGULATION OF IMMERSION TIME, AGITATE SOLUTIONS

91. TRANSPORT
GUIDE SHOE
ROLLER
RACKS

92. TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY
MASTER
GUIDE SHOE

93. TURNAROUND ASSEMBLY
MASTER ROLLER
GUIDE SHOE
SQUEEGE ROLLER

94. TEMPERATURE CONTROL—DRYER AND SOLUTION TEMPERATURE
ELECTRICAL HEATER

95. TEMPERATURE VARIATION +- 5 DEG. FARENHEIT

96. TEMPERATURE DEVELOPER FIXER WASH DRYER 95 DEG F 95 DEG. F 90-95 DEG. F

97. TEMP. CONTROL

98. DRYER TEMP.
RECIRCULATION
DRYER BLOWER

99. RECIRCULATION –AGITATION OF SOLUTIONS+ FILTRATION
FILTER
PUMP

100. RECIRCULATION

101. REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM

102. REPLENISHMENT D F
REPLENISHMENT
PUMP

103. REPLENISHMENT RATES FOR EVERY 14 IN. OF FILM
60-70 ML OF DEVELOPER
ML OF FIXER

104. PROCESSING TIME +- 2 % VARIATION
45 SEC-210 SEC.
MOST PROCESSORS DROP TIME 90 SEC.

105. RADIOGRAPHIC ARTIFACTS

106. TYPES OF ARTIFACTS
PROCESSING
EXPOSURE
HANDLING AND STORAGE

107. PROCESSING ARTIFACTS HYPORETENTION PI-LINES GUIDE SHOE MARK STATIC
ENTRANCE ROLLER MARK
CRINKLE MARK
FINGER MARKS
EMULSION PICK-OFF
WATER STAIN

108. EXPOSURE ARTIFACTS MOTION IMPROPER POSITIONING
POOR FILM SCREEN CONTACT
DOUBLE EXPOSURE
FOREIGN OBJECTS
BACK-SCATTER
CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN
BROKEN CASSETTE
IMPROPER USE OF GRID

109. HANDLING & STORAGE ARTIFACTS
LIGHT FOG
RADIATION FOG
STATIC
SCRATCHES
HYPORETENTION

110. FILMS STUCK TO EACH OTHER DURING PROCESSING

111. HYPORETENTION

112. PI-LINE

113. GUIDE SHOE MARK

114. STATIC

115. STATIC

116. STATIC

117. ROLLER MARKS

118. FINGER MARKS

119. CRIMPING MARK

120. PICK-OFF

121. WATER STAIN

122. WATER STAIN

123. POOR FILM SCREN CONTACT

124. H.T. (High Voltage) CABLES

125. DOUBLE EXPOSURE

126. BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN

127. BACKSCATTER

128. BACKSCATTER OR CASSETTE UPSIDE-DOWN

129. MOIRE EFFECT

130. WARPED CASSETTE-LIGHT LEAK

131. HAIR BUN

132. CLOTHES RIBBING

133. GRID CUT-OFF

134. JEWELLERY

135. SCATTER FOG

136. SANDBAG

137. FOGGING

138. KYPHOSIS-CHIN

139. STRAP

140. Q.A. TESTS COLLIMATION FOCAL SPOT SIZE KVP CALIBRATION
EXPOSURE LINEARITY
EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY
FILM-SCREEN CONTACT
PROTECTIVE APPAREL INTEGRITY

141. COLLIMATION (LIGHT FIELD/RADIATION FIELD CONGRUENCY)
SEMI-ANUALLY
NINE PENNY TEST OR SPECIAL TOOL TEST
+- 2% OF SID

143. FOCAL SPOT SIZE ANNUALLY PINHOLE CAMERA, SLIT CAMERA, STAR PATTERN
+- 50%

144. STAR PATTERN

145. LINE PAIR TEST TOOL

146. KVP CALLIBRATION
ANNUALLY
KVP METER
+- 10%

147. KVP METER

148. EXPOSURE LINEARITY
ANNUALLY
DOSIMETER
+- 10%

149. EXPOSURE REPRODUCIBILITY
ANNUALLY
RADIATION DOSIMETER
+-5%

150. FILM/SCREEN CONTACT ANNUALLY WIRE MESH
NO DARK AREAS PRESENT ON THE FILM

151. WIRE MESH

152. HOW USE WIRE MESH TO TEST FILM SCRREN CONTACT
CASSETTE

153. PROTECTIVE APPAREL
ANNUALLY
FLUORO
NO CRACKS OR HOLES