1. The Effectiveness of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy
A Comparative Study of Jakarta, Indonesia
and New South Wales, Australia
Cecep Aminudin
Indonesian Center for Environmental Law
&
Program Study of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia

2. Background
Air quality is very important for human, animal and plant life
Air pollution from various sources (including industry) is an acute problem in the world
Governments issued policy to solve the problem
However, the research about the effectiveness of the air pollution control policy is still rare

3. Research Objectives
To know the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia
To know the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in New South Wales, Australia
To compare the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia and New South Wales, Australia

4. The Framework of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy in Jakarta, Indonesia
Indonesia 1945 Constitution
Law Number 23/1997 on Environmental Management Act
Government Regulation 41/1999 on Air Pollution Control
Blue Sky Program
PROPER Program
MoE Decrees on Emission Standard
National
Local Regulation 2/2005 on Air Pollution Control
Governor Decree on Ambient Air Standard
Local
(Jakarta)
Governor Decree on Emission Standard
Clean Air Program
Air Emission License
Air Pollution Emitters Industry

5. The Framework of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy in NSW, Australia
Australian Constitution and Legal System, Common Law
IGAE
NEPMs
NPI
National Ambient Air Quality
Federal
Protection of the Environment Operation Act 1997 (POEO)
States
(NSW)
Protection of the Environment Operation
(Clean Air) Regulation
NSW AQMP (Action for Air)
Pollution reduction program
Leak detection & repair
NOx Policy
Implement POEO Act
Cleaner Production Unit in EPA
Implement Clean Air Regulation
Load Based Licensing
Air Pollution Emitters Industry

6. The Comparison of Policy Instruments in Jakarta and NSW
Applied Policy Instruments
Indonesia
Australia
National
Local (Jakarta)
States (NSW)
Standard Setting
Emission Standard, Air Quality Standard
Air Quality Standard
Emission Standard,
Best Practicable Means Technology
Administrative Law Enforcement
License, Inspection, Mandatory Environmental Audit
License, Inspection
License, Inspection, Compliance Audit, Mandatory Environmental Audit
Private Law Enforcement
Legal Suits
Criminal Law Enforcement
Investigation, Prosecution
Investigation
Market Based Instrument
LBL
Voluntary
Voluntary Environmental Audit
Voluntary Agreement (Superdasih)
Publication and Information
PROPER
NPI
Public Expenditure
Technical Assistance
Cleaner Production Unit

7. Measuring Effectiveness
Policy Output
Intermediate Outcomes
End Outcomes
Administrative Law Enforcement
Private Law Enforcement
Criminal Law Enforcement
Market Based Instruments
Publication and Information Instruments
Voluntary Instruments
Public Expenditure Instruments
Industry behaviors to the regulation
Emission load and concentration from industrial sources
Air Quality in Industrial Area

8. Research and Analysis Method
Approach
ex-post facto policy evaluation research
Pollutant Parameter
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxyde(NOx), particulate, hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Location of Study
Jakarta and New South Wales
Scope of Study
Province (Jakarta) to State (NSW)
Data Sources
Governments Report and Publication,
Other Secondary Publication,
Interview
Analysis
Descriptive Comparative

9. The conditions of the policy outputs
Administrative Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
Voluntary
Private Enforcement
Information & Publication
Economic Instrument
Public Expenditure

10. The Conditions of the Policy Intermediate Outcomes
Jakarta:
Reactive phase. The behavior of industry to comply with environmental regulation are low. Non compliance to emission standard between 17 – 76 %, non compliance on reporting obligation is about 30 %, the installation of air pollution equipment 0 out of 10 in 2004.
NSW:
Constructive to Proactive Phase. Non-compliance rate of industry is relatively low (12 – 15 %). the installation of air pollution equipment 17 out of 17 in 2000.

11. The Conditions of Policy End Outcomes
Nitrogen Oxide
Jakarta
NSW
Particulate
Hydrocarbon
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide

12. Conclusion
1. In general, the industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta is not yet effective. Where the end policy outcomes, the intermediate policy outcomes are low and policy output is weak.
In general, the industrial air policy control policy in NSW is potential to be effective. Where the end policy outcomes and the intermediate policy outcomes are better than in Jakarta and the policy outputs is stronger than in Jakarta.
The industrial air pollution control policy in NSW is more effective than in Jakarta.

13. Why There is a gap ?
Lack of institutional capacity, strategy, political priority, and enforcement culture in Indonesia.

14. Recommendations A concerted efforts of stakeholders …………………. Central
Government
Donors
Law Enforcers
Local
Government
Financial
Institutions
Industries
NGO’s &
Civil Society
Markets
A concerted efforts of stakeholders ………………….

15. Thank you……..... INDONESIAN CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
JL. Dempo II No. 21, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, INDONESIA