1. GOAT PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

4. JESUS MARIMLA DE LEON Bachelor of Technical Teacher Education lll Major in Animal Production Bataan Peninsula State University Abucay Campus 2114 Bangkla Abucay Bataan

5. OBJECTIVES 01 05 At the end of the discussion students are expected to confidently identify the different external parts of the goat. Understand how goats are being reproduce considering their age and maturity. Identify what legume and forage is, what examples of this crops are being use to sustain goat nutrition. Students understand how Goat Production is importance in the Philippines. 02 Students know how anatomy and physiology of goat are important to understand in terms of animal raising. 06 Identify the different mating types.

6. What is Goat? Kingdom: AnimaliaOrder: Artiodactyla Family: BovidaeGenus: Capra Class:MammaliaSpecies: Capra hircus (Domesticated Goat) Hollow-horned mammal belonging to the genus Capra. Related to the sheep, the goat is lighter of build, has horns that arch backward, a short tail, and straighter hair. Male goats, called bucks or billys (adult or a year old), usually have a beard. Females are called does or nannys (mature female goat. less than a year old), and immature goats are called kids (3 to 5 months of age and weighing from 25 to 50 pounds).

7. External Parts of Goat and Functions BARREL: total length, width and depth volume of body cavity; measured as circumference at last (13th) rib. BRIDGE OF NOSE: forepart of head from eye to muzzle; should be straight with some having a break or stop at eye level. BRISKET: muscle in forward part of chest; should be prominent but not overdeveloped. CHEST FLOOR: lowest line of fore body between forelegs. CROPS: fore-ribs on each side of body at line of heart girth. DEWCLAW: dual, non-functional, cone-like growths of protein on back of front and rear legs above pastern.

8. EARS: external, largely cartilaginous portion of organ for hearing (pinna); should be medium to long, thin, dairy type held erect and alertly mobile. ELBOW: hinged foreleg joint near lower line of chest; should be set close to ribs. ESCUTCHEON: arch between hind legs, below tail and vulva in does, above scrotum in bucks. EYE: organ of vision; should be bright; prominent but not protruding. FEET(HOOF): lower part of front and rear legs that are in direct contact with ground when standing and walking; should be well-shaped; proportioned to size of animal; symmetrical. FLANK: section of flesh on each side of body between last rib and rear leg; should be well-arched as an indicator of dairy character.

9. HEAD: uppermost part of the body containing brain, eyes, ears, mouth, jaw; should be medium long and type with an expression that is alert and animated. HEART GIRTH: measurement of body depth or circumference behind elbow; should be full at point of elbow due to long, well-sprung foreribs and wide chest floor. HEEL: back part of from and rear foot; should be deep and even with toe hoof. HIND LEG: rear leg, should be strong, straight, wide apart, and squarely set; well angulated; parallel and aligned with hip with bone that is flat and flinty. HOOF: hard sheath of protein forming front and rear feet. The hoof consists of the heel, toe, and sole. HORN: two hard, core-shaped growths of keratin on poll varying in size and curvature; disbudding and dehorning encouraged for show.

10. JAW: upper and lower bones that form framework and hold teeth; should be strong and well formed; symmetrically aligned with a bite that is even (Neither over- nor undershot). KNEE: hinged joint of foreleg about midway between elbow and foot; should be cleanly molded and not enlarged. MEDIAL SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT: main supportive ligament that divides udder into two separate halves. MUZZLE: nose, mouth, chin and front and upper and lower jaws; should be broad, full and rounded (not snipey) with a nose that is well shaped with open nostrils. NECK: cylindrical-shaped part of body joining head to main part of body; should be feminine (doe) or masculine (buck); long in proportion to the size of the animal and well blended into withers; more slender in does than in bucks. NOSTRIL: opening in nose on each side of head which supplies air to lungs.

11. ORIFICE: outer teat opening through which milk is extracted; teats should be free of multiple orifices, deformities and obstructions. POLL/CROWN: area at top of head from which horns develop. REAR UDDER ATTACHMENT: union of udder at escutcheon between hind legs; should be wide, high and well attached with halves evenly balanced and symmetrical. RUMP: surface area of pelvis, framed by hips (front), thurls (side) and pin bones (rear); should be long, wide and nearly level in length and width. SKIN: tissue forming external covering of body; loose, pliable, thin dairy type skin preferred. SOLE: flat underside of front and rear feet; should be level STIFLE: rear leg joint near lower line of flank; should be well angulated and track smoothly and close to the body.

12. UDDER FLOOR: bottom of udder between teats; should also be well supported by medial suspensory ligament and held above the hocks. WATTLE: optional, non functional, finger-shaped appendage on neck or jaw; not discriminated against in the show ring. WITHERS: highest point of spine at base of neck and between shoulder blades; should be high and sharp with tightly adjoined shoulder blades.

13. TESTICLE: male reproductive gland enclosed in external scrotum; should be two fully descended; fairly equal in size, healthy; well attached and normal appearance. THIGH: widest portion of rear leg, positioned on each side of udder, should be long, not over-fleshed or over muscled; and incurving towards udder. THROAT: underneath part of neck, starting just behind lower jaw and continuing down to top of sternum. TOE: front part of feet; should be symmetrical and close together. UDDER: two milk-producing mammary glands divided by medial suspensory ligament; each half served by on teat. DOES: functional; balanced; pliable but firm; silky smooth; elastic; rounded; in proportion to the size of the animal; high and well-attached; smoothly blended into body (no pocket or shelf)

14. Importance of understanding the Anatomy of Physiology: * The presence of various qualities in the external parts indicates the value, health, and condition of an animal. This means that animal producers not only know the names of the parts but they also know the qualities that should be evident upon visual examination of the parts. *It helps us to determine if an animal has sustained an injury and understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species. *Anatomy and Physiology education help in understanding the health status of animals. It helps in assessing, evaluating, diagnosing and tracking a their health. The theories of this subject assist in comprehending the overall condition of the animal body.

15. Sheep have a thicker, fuller coat that needs to be sheared and is the source of wool. Goats can also be sheered to produce mohair and cashmere. Most goats have horns, but sheep do not. Sheep and goats have different mouths -- sheep have an upper lip with a division in it called a philtrum, but goats don't. Goats have tails that point upwards and sheep have tails that hang down. Sheep tails are often shortened (cropped or docked). GOAT SHEEP

16. Different Breeds Of Goat And Its Characteristics

17. NUBIAN Nubian goats are easily recognizable due to their long, floppy ears, and convex "Roman nose" muzzle. Because of their Middle Eastern heritage, this breed can thrive in hotter climates than other dairy goats, and they have a longer breeding season. Although they don't produce as much milk per goat as other breeds, Nubian milk is very high in fat content. This breed is also raised for meat, or for both meat and dairy.

18. SPANISH When the Spanish came to the Americas in the 16th century, they brought goats with them. However, even though many goats in the U.S. have Spanish lineage, there are few purebred Spanish goats. These meat goats are excellent foragers, and will climb a tree for the last leaf if they have to. They're good mothers, easy birthers, hardy, and resistant to many parasites.

19. KIKO This meat goat from New Zealand is easy to raise, grows to market weight quickly, and will even clean up weeds on your acreage. The Kiko goat was developed in New Zealand by crossing feral goats with dairy goats in the 1980s. The goal was survivability and growth rate. The breed took off in the U.S. around 2000 when breeders started crossing Kikos with Boer goats to combine meat production with mothering ability.

20. ANGORA Angora goats produce mohair, often used in making sweaters, scarves, and other garments. These goats require a bit of extra from the weather, since they can get hypothermia if their long hair gets wet from cold rain or snow. Angora goats produce mohair, often used in making sweaters, scarves, and other garments. These goats require a bit of extra protection from the weather, since they can get hypothermia if their long hair gets wet from cold rain or snow.

21. Common Breeds of Goat in the Philippines

22. Anglo Nubian The Anglo Nubian goat breed was originated from Great Britain. These goats are the result of crossbreeding of British and Indian goat breeds. This goat breed is suitable for commercial meat, milk and fur production purpose. As, Anglo Nubian goats are very strong and beautiful to look, they also very suitable for goat show.

23. BOER If you're looking for an economical meat animal or are interested in making a little extra money, consider raising Boer goats. Originally bred in South Africa, Boers are now one of the principal meat goat breeds in the U.S.

24. SAANEN Saanen goats are the largest breed of dairy goat, and are second in milk production only to Alpine goats. These popular goats have short, white hair and upright ears, and are known for their easy-going temperament.

25. Toggenburgs, do not generally produce as much milk as the Saanen breed but have consistently good udders and are known for their persistent milk production over long periods. Fat yield is usually between 3% and 4%. The breed performs at its best in cooler conditions and it is reported to be the least suited of the dairy breeds to tropical conditions. Toggenburgs are a compact, robust, dairy-type animal (that is, with a dished or straight facial line and wedge-shaped body). They are usually slightly smaller than the other Alpine breeds. The does weigh at least 55 kg. The average height, measured at the withers, is about 79 cm for does and 90 cm for bucks.

26. ALPINE This dairy breed originated in the French Alps, and can thrive in nearly any climate. They are the highest producing milkers, with top goats producing up to two gallons per day. Because of the amount of milk they produce, these goats have high nutritional needs and their diets must be monitored closely. PJ Jonas, who raises Alpines to provide milk for her family of 10 and runs a goat product business, says this breed is quiet and curious and tolerates humans well.

27. Philippine Goat/ Native Goats Philippine native goats dominate the goat population in the Philippines and are raised primarily for their meat (chevon). Due to their early sexual maturity, short gestation, short kidding or reproductive intervals and lower capital requirements compared to cattle and carabaos, Philippine native goats are considered important genetic resources.

28. Didiangas Goat, strain goat were characterized by a straight head face, erect ears, and hairy thighs. They were comparable to the Anglo-Nubian upgrades in terms of body weight, height, and body length.

29. Reproduction of Goat with Different Mating Types The estrous cycle of a female goat lasts for 17 to 24 days. This cycle is characterized by four periods: estrus, metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus. The estrus or heat phase lasts 12-48 hours; however, the average length is 36 hours. NOTE: Puberty in goats typically occurs at 4–6 months in bucks while female goat, referred to as a doe (plural does) or a doeling, will typically reach sexual maturity or puberty at 6 to 9 months of age. -Heritage Animal Health6/3/2022

30. Mating system There are two types of mating of animals for production of the progenies. These are Natural propagation/mating Mating of animals by natural means. Artificial insemination (AI) Mating is done through artificial means by collecting semen from male and the inseminating the females. This method help in use of outstanding males for mating of a large number of females thereby production of large number of highly productive and performing progenies.

32. Feed Stuff for Goats GRASSE S LEGUMES GRAIN / CONCENTRAITS HAY SILAGE FRESS GRASSES

33. Legume plants have more leafiness with less structure. Thus, grasses tend to have more digestible fiber than legume plants. Legumes, due to their abundant leaves, often have more protein, energy and micronutrients as compared to grasses. Nutrient composition is an obvious and major difference between the two plants.

34. Product From Goat Goat milk can be used to prepare a wide variety of dairy products such as butter, ice cream, cheese, butter milk, condensed milk, yoghurt, flavored milk, sweets and candies. MILKMEAT(CHEAVON)MOHAR low in cholesterol, high in protein, and a good source for people with iron deficiency anemia. End product from ANGORA/MOHAIR BREED OF GOAT

35. Why some Filipino animal raisers choose to Goat for Farming? 1.Low cost for Capital 2.Abundant source of Food Supply 3.Because of its products ( milk, chevon, mohair) 4.Can be integrated to crop farming ( peanuts, cassava, et.) 5.Fast return of Income 6.Can birth maximum of 2 0r 3 but common in 1 7.Can mange by all members of the family 8.Fast Maturity 9.Food 10.Goat Manure

36. Studies about GOAT The goat inventory in the Philippines reached 3.87 million in 2021, as reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority. Central Visayas is the top goat producer, comprising 13.7% of the total. This is followed by the Ilocos Region with 12.7%, and Central Luzon and Northern Mindanao with around 10% each. POPULATIO N -2021- Though this industry is backyard dominated, its contribution to the socio-economic status of rural folks, and the Philippine economy as a whole, was evident in the past years. Previous researches on goats in Asia and Africa (Walkden-Brown, 1985; FAO, 1990; Sebei et al., 2005) confirm goats’ potential as an economically viable livestock which makes goat-raising one of the well accepted livelihood assistance projects for poverty alleviation to this moment. SOCIO- ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIO N -2015-

37. However, it should be understood that the socio-economic contribution of goat-keeping could be dependent on how it is managed by its owner. Results of past scientific studies show that the way owners treats their animals can directly affect their health, productivity and welfare (Boivin et al., 1998; Hemsworth and Coleman, 1998; De Jonge et al., 2000) Lensink et al (2001c). ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTIVITY -2008- Based from the results of the study, farmer’s SC clearly demonstrated its importance in achieving higher goat productivity, profitability and welfare. Low SC clearly demonstrates low technological inputs on housing, feeding, breeding and health/husbandry management system. This increases the vulnerability of goat to diseases which compromised its ability to be more productive and contribute to farmer’s income. On the other hand, high SC resulted to higher productivity, profitability and welfare. Improving stockman ship can be a point of reference and a reliable way of improving the backyard goat industry through improved productivity and at the same time, goat welfare in the Philippines. -Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science- RELATION OF STOCKMANSHIP TO GOAT PRODUCTIVITY -2015-

38. Video Clips 21 Yr Old Entrepreneur Proves That Goat Farming Is a Lucrative Business (BSA Animal Science – Tarlac City Philippines) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_VOJLdXb3w&t=11s 10 Dahilan Kung Bakit Magandang Alagaan Ang Kambing | Kambing Farming https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0olssCtvkvs

39. Resources https://www.britannica.com/animal/goat- different types https://www.agriculture.com/12-popular-goat-breeds/https://www.agriculture.com/12-popular-goat-breeds/ breeds of goat https://www.agrifarming.in/goat-farming-in-the-philippines-goat-breeds http://www.ndga.org/parts-of-goat.html https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272078753_Stockmanship_Comp etence_and_Its_Relation_to_Productivity_and_Economic_Profitability_The_ Context_of_Backyard_Goat_Production_in_the_Philippines Alcedo et al. (2015) Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 28:428-43

40. Quiz 1. Goat belongs to what order? a. Animalia b. Artiodactylc. Chordata 2-3 Give 2 external part of a Goat. 4-5 Give 2 breeds of Goat common in the Philippines. 6. ___ or "heat" is a period during the reproductive cycle when female animal become sexually receptive, signaling they are ready for mating. 7. This two animals produces different raw materials for fabric making which are wool made from hair of goat and sheep for mohiar and cashmere. ( True or False) 8._____________is the technique in which semen with living sperms is collected from the male and introduced into female reproductive tract at proper time with the help of instruments. 9. Meat from goat is actually called lamb. ( true or false) 10. It is forage plants that has more leafiness with less structure. a. legumes b. grass c. silage

41. Answer Key 1. B 2-3 EXTERNAL PARTS OF GOAT 4-5 ANGLO NUBIAN. BOER, SAANEN, TOGGENBURGS, ALPINE, PHILIPPINE GOAT/ NATIVE GOATS, DIDIANGAS GOAT 6. ESTRUS 7. FALSE 8. ARTIFICIAL INSIMINATION 9. FALSE 10. A

42. Thank You