1. Unit 1: General Concepts in Science, Technology, and Society Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology

2. A. Ancient Times  People were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security protection and also health, aesthetics, and architecture.  Transportation – during ancient times, the vast world was not fully discovered hence people venture out in search for food and better environments.  Communication – history, mapping, and documentation of trade was important as well as establishing a way of communication.  Weapons and armors – used as means of security and protection and as offense to fight off invaders or conquer lands.

3. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times Conservation of life – discovering of cures and the prevention of illness help conserve the population of the community. Engineering and Architecture – were developed to improve transportation, fortify defences from invaders and natural disasters, and a symbol of technological advancement.

4. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 1. Sumerian Civilization - Located on the southernmost tip of Mesopotamia; desire continuous advancement - Cuneiform: first writing system; word pictures and triangular symbols carved on clay using wedged instruments and dried.

5. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 1. Sumerian Civilization - Uruk City: considered to be the first true city; made of only mud and clay

6. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 1. Sumerian Civilization - The Great Ziggurat of Ur: constructed similarly to Uruk City; serves as the sacred place

7. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 1. Sumerian Civilization Irrigation and Dikes: canals used to water farmlands and control flooding of rivers -Sailboats: used as transportation of goods and as means to travel and discover lands

8. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 1. Sumerian Civilization Wheel: used to improve farm work but was later used for transportation The Plow: used to efficiently plant seeds Roads: built using sun- baked bricks and bitumen for easier travel and smoother flow of traffic

9. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 2. Babylonian Civilization Located near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; great builders, engineers and architects. Hanging Gardens of Babylon: Is said to be a mythical place due to its lack of archaeological documentation, the garden is made of layers upon layers of different species of plant life, which is said to be made by the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife, Queen Amytis.

10. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 2. Babylonian Civilization Hanging Gardens of Babylon

11. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 3. Egyptian Civilization - Located in North Africa; great engineering feats that makes it well known for its legacy. - Paper or Papyrus: Egyptians revolutionized writing through paper created from the plant papyrus, processed in order to produce thin sheets where one can write on. Ink was also invented which is used to write and is tamper-proof so people could not erase or replace the words written.

12. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 3. Egyptian Civilization - Hieroglyphics: the language used to convey the rich history of the Egyptians; well- preserved because it is carved on walls of the pyramids and other structures. - Cosmetics: Invented by Egyptians not to improve facial features, but to prevent diseases and symbolize beauty as holiness.

13. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 3. Egyptian Civilization - Wig: were worn for health and wellness - Water Clock/Clepsydra: used to track time by the amount or height of the water from one vessel to the other.

14. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 4. Greek Civilization - located in the southeastern part of Europe; birthplace of western philosopy; contributed greatly on the field of science and technology. - Alarm Clock: used to tell when to start or stop by a mechanism created from either water, small stones or sand contained in drums.

15. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 4. Greek Civilization - Water Mill: considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world; used in agricultural processes like milling of grains; a mechanism built in rivers or flowing water with a large wheel with small buckets.

16. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 5. Roman Civilization - Strongest political and social entity in the west; specializes on politics and governance. - Newspaper: the first newspapers were known as gazettes, which is engraved in metal or stone tablets before the creation of paper, which made it more efficient; gazettes are used as public announcements and are displayed for the public to see.

17. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 5. Roman Civilization - Bound Books or Codex: Julius Caesar was the one who started the tradition of stacking paper to form books; people later included book covers made from clay, eventually from dead animal skin, to cover and protect the pages.

18. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 5. Roman Civilization - Roman Architecture: resembles Greek architecture, but pioneered new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established from the past. More advance equipment, designs and knowledge paved way to greater and more sturdier infrastructures ike churches, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses. - Roman Numerals: The Romans own number system used to address the need for communication and trade.

19. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 6. Chinese Civilization - Considered as the oldest civilization in Asia; located in the far east of Asia; famous for its silk trade. - Silk: although naturally produced by silkworms, Chinese developed a way to harvest it and use for paper and clothing production.

20. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 6. Chinese Civilization - Tea Production: created from hot water and dried tea leaves; Chinese inventors created a wheel-based machine that shreds tea leaves into strips.

21. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 6. Chinese Civilization - Great Wall of China: is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built; Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials.

22. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology A. Ancient Times 6. Chinese Civilization - Gunpowder: was initially planned to be an elixir of life, but instead accidentally invented as a black power that generates heat and gas if ignited; commonly used in weaponry to defend or to conquer lands, but also used as a component of fireworks.

23. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology B. Medieval/Middle Ages Printing Press – a more reliable way of printing through the use of attaching metal To extracted juices of fruits, and pressed on pieces of paper.

24. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology B. Medieval/Middle Ages Microscope – a device that magnifies things that is not visible to the naked eye; used as a tool to help identify the illnesses and create a proper cure or medicine.

25. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology B. Medieval/Middle Ages Telescope – an instrument that helps in navigation primarily in exploration through the sea; inventions such as compass, oars, and rudders were also of great help to navigators.

26. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology B. Medieval/Middle Ages War Weapons – developed cross bows and long bows for long range attacks during war; developed chainmail as a lighter alternative to body armors.

27. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology C. Modern Times Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur, French biologist invented pasteurization or the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacterias that gives illness and allowed for milk to be traded.

28. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology C. Modern Times Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M. Kier refined petroleum to invent kerosene, which is then first used to provide lighting, and later used for heating purposes.

29. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology C. Modern Times Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, which revolutionized the way of communicating from far places, and aid the connections of trade.

30. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology C. Modern Times Calculator – used to calculate equations in a much more quicker time, and later served as the stepping stone for the invention of computers.

31. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology D. Philippine Inventions Salamander Amphibious Tricycle – an amphibious tricycle that can cross certain bodies of water to solve the problem of venturing through flooded streets

32. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology D. Philippine Inventions SALT LAMP – Aisa Mijeno invented a lighting material that uses saltwater as its resource; has no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases

33. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology D. Philippine Inventions Medical Incubator – Dr. Fe del Mundo, invented an incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials that does not need electricity; other works by her are the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.

34. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology D. Philippine Inventions Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System – The Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology Development Institute(DOST-ITDI) introduced the Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, known as OL Trap made of natural ingredients that kills mosquitos and are safe for humans and the environment

35. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology D. Philippine Inventions Ejeepney – created to counter the noise and air pollution caused by jeepneys; utilizes electricity instead of diesel.

36. “ The struggle you are facing is a test, to see if you are truly committed to the life you say you want! ”