1. COMPUTER A computer is an digital electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

2. Block Diagram of Computer Block Diagram Of Computer

3. Input Device – Some of the popular input devices are: Keyboard Mouse Scanner Joystick Light Pen Digitizer Microphone Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

4. OUT PUT DEVICE DEVICE UT DEVICE The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered in the computer through an input device. 1- Monitor CRT Cathode ray tube LCD Liquid cristal display LED Light Emitting diode Plasma Monitor 2 –Printer 3 -Projector

5. (Central Processing UNIT) The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and output results. Control Unit The control unit fetches the instructions from the main memory, decodes the instructions, and then executes them. The CU provides several functions : It fetches, decodes and executes instructions It issues control signals that control hardware It moves data around the system

7. ALU (Arithmetic logical unit) The ALU has two main functions: It performs arithmetic and logical operations (decisions). The ALU is where calculations are done and where decisions are made. It acts as a gateway between primary memory and secondary storage. Data transferred between them passes through the ALU.

8. Primary Memory Primary memory is the main memory of the computer which is attached to the CPU in the motherboard. All the data required for CPU processing is stored in the primary memory. This is the internal memory of the computer. Which is known as Main Memory

9. Primary memory is a volatile memory /nonvolatile from which data can be accessed very fast. Volatile Memory means, data that is in the primary memory remains only as long as the computer is turned on, as soon as the computer is turned off, the data stored in the primary memory is also destroyed.

10. Types of Primary Memory 1- RAM (Random Access Memory) The read/write function in RAM is much faster as compared to other memory like hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD), optical drive, etc. - 2- ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is a memory device used by computer manufacturers to permanently store information inside a chip. ROM is a read-only memory, in which the stored data and information can only be read and no changes can be made in it. It is a “Non-Volatile Memory”

11. Architecture of Computer

12. Generation of Computer& 1-First GenerationThe period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.First Generation 2-Second GenerationThe period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.Second Generation 3-Third GenerationThe period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.Third Generation 4-Fourth GenerationThe period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.Fourth Generation 5-Fifth GenerationThe period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.Fifth Generation

13. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

14. Motherboard Motherboard is the foundation of a computer system, containing the CPU, memory, and other essential components. It connects all other components together for data transfer. The size and shape of a motherboard determine the form factor of a computer.

15. CPU is the brain of a computer responsible for executing instructions and processing data. It consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control unit (CU). CPUs have multiple cores that can handle multiple tasks simultaneously. Central Processing Unit

16. Memory stores data and instructions temporarily for the CPU to access quickly. It comes in different types such as RAM, ROM, and cache memory. The amount and speed of memory affect the performance of a computer. Memory

17. StorageStorage Storage devices store data permanently. The most common types are hard disk drives (HDDs) and soli-state drives (SSDs). They differ in speed, capacity, and cost. Cloud storage is becoming increasingly popular for data backup and sharing. Storage Storage devices stores the data permanently. The most common types are hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid state devices (SSDs). They differ in speed, capacity, and cost. Cloud storage is becoming increasingly popular for data backup and sharing.

18. Storage Devices: Computers have various types of storage devices to store data permanently. The two main types are: 1- Hard Disk Drive (HDD): It is a magnetic storage device that provides high-capacity storage for programs, files, and the operating system. 2- Solid-State Drive (SSD): SSDs use flash memory(IC) to store data and provide faster data access compared to HDDs. They are more expensive but offer improved performance.

19. Research and Data Analysis: Computers facilitate data collection, organization, and analysis for research projects. Statistical software and programming languages enable advanced data analysis and modeling. Simulation and Modeling: Computers allow to simulate complex phenomena and study their behavior. Simulation software aids in understanding real-world scenarios and predicting outcomes. AAAPPLICATION OF COMPUTER

20. Computational Science: Computers enable MSc students to perform computational experiments and simulations. High-performance computing allows for solving complex mathematical problems efficiently. Data Visualization: Computers help visualize complex data sets through graphs, charts, and interactive tools. Visualization software enhances understanding and presentation of research findings.

21. Collaboration and Communication : Computers enable students to collaborate with peers and researchers globally. Online platforms, video conferencing, and shared documents enhance communication and teamwork. Programming and Software Development: MSc students can learn programming languages and develop software for research purposes. Programming skills enhance data analysis, modeling, and automation of tasks.

22. Virtual Learning and E-Libraries: Computers facilitate online learning, accessing digital resources, and e- library services. MSc students can access course materials, journals, and books from anywhere at any time. Data Management and Storage: Computers provide efficient data management and storage solutions. Cloud computing and databases enable secure storage and retrieval of research data. Presentation and Publication:

23. Computers assist in creating visually appealing presentations and scientific posters. Digital publishing platforms help MSc students share their research with the scientific community. Automation and Optimization: Computers aid in automating repetitive tasks, optimizing processes, and improving efficiency. Software tools help streamline data collection, analysis, and experimental workflows.

24. Business Computer is used in business organizations for − Payroll calculations Budgeting Sales analysis Financial forecasting Managing employee database Maintenance of stocks, e Banking Banks provide the following facilities − Online accounting facility, ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

25. Education The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education). CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning. It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis. Marketing Advertising Home Shopping −

26. Health care- Diagnostic System − Lab-diagnostic System − Patient Monitoring System − Pharma Information System −. Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery. Engineering Design One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of images. Some of the fields are − Structural Engineering − ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc. Industrial Engineering − people, materials, and equipment. Architectural Engineering −

27. Defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are Missile Control Military Communication Military Operation and Planning Smart Weapons Communication E-mail Chatting Usenet FTP Telnet Video-conferencing

28. Government Budgets Sales tax department Income tax department Computation of male/female ratio Computerization of voters lists Computerization of PAN card Weather forecasting Insurance Starting date of the policies Next due installment of a policy Maturity date Interests due Survival benefits Bonus