1. Landscape design Introduction to Landscape architecture

2. introduction The great advances of knowledge and technology through the last two centuries have completely changed our relationship with the land the greatest paradoxes of our day, perhaps, is that while we have never known more about natural systems, we have never in history done more damage to them almost no place on Earth that we have not changed or affected in some way

3. Fresh Kills is an artificial topography created by half a century’s worth of New York garbage. It shows the great range of landscape architecture in one project, from the need to mitigate pollution, clean groundwater and trap escaping methane while creating a public park for people and wildlife. Fresh Kills Lifescape, Staten Island, New York, Field Operations, 2001–2005

4. THE ROLE Landscape architecture combines social, economic, environmental and cultural perspectives. Landscape architects study, plan, design and manage spaces, which are both sustainable and visually pleasing.

5. HISTOR Y around 12,000 years ago agriculture emerged and fixed settlements of people Skara Brae on the windswept Orkney Islands to the north of Scotland is the most complete Stone Age settlement in Europe, built roughly 5,000 years

6. THE ANCIENT WORLD Mesopotamia, the rich but vast and featureless valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates (now present-day Iraq), were farmed by the Sumerians, the culture that preceded the Babylonians. The Sumerians built great brick ziggurats – stepped pyramids rising high out of the level plain the terraces of these huge structures were planted with trees and gardens

7. THE ANCIENT WORLD The floodwaters of the Nile River in Africa nourished the land with silts and sediments helps to flourished the civilization of ancient Egypt Pyramids at Giza, temple at Karnak and the tombs at Luxor. Mediterranean civilisation was soon to shif north from Egypt to ancient Greece, and then to Rome The temple complex at Karnak near Luxor, Egypt

8. THE ANCIENT WORLD The society of ancient Greece brought us the science and philosophy that still provide the foundation of western culture, as well as great landscapes such as the Acropolis at Athens. Roman culture spread across Europe and Africa by dint of force and introduced new techniques of building. It also left behind new patterns of city development and impressive infrastructure from roads to aqueducts.

9. THE ANCIENT WORLD stupas (reliquaries) at Borobudur in Indonesia Sanchi in India the ruined city of Persepolis marks the heart of the mighty Persian Empire Buddhist stupa at Sanchi Persepolis

10. THE ANCIENT WORLD The cultures in Pre-Columbian America created cities every bit as astounding as those anywhere else in the world, from the Sun Pyramid at Teotihuacan, the palace and temples of the Mayan city of Palenque to the Incan city of Machu Picchu.

11. THE ANCIENT WORLD It is not just the temples and cities that defined the landscape of the ancient world. Agriculture, infrastructure required have profound impact on the land.

12. THE ANCIENT WORLD Greece also came the concept of the genius loci or spirit of a place Alexander Pope made the genius loci an important principle in garden and landscape design with the following lines from Epistle IV Consult the genius of the place in all; That tells the waters to rise, or fall; Or helps th' ambitious hill the heav'ns to scale, Or scoops in circling theatres the vale; Calls in the country, catches opening glades, Joins willing woods, and varies shades from shades, Now breaks, or now directs, th' intending lines; Paints as you plant, and, as you work, designs.

13. THE ANCIENT WORLD Public life in ancient Greece and Rome was of huge importance. There were places allocated for sporting events, theatre, markets and the exchange of ideas, and these were all central to the way cities were planned The Hippodrome at Caesarea The Forum at Rome

14. THE MIDDLE AGES The concentration of power and money in the hands of religions, warlords and monarchs led to the construction of incredible monuments walls and castles Outside the wall agriculture

15. Cloisters  Provided herbs for cooking, perfumes and potpourris, but more importantly, for medicinal purposes.

16. THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE Humanism, the intellectual movement of the time, focused on people Universities began Human perfection as an ideal began to be reflected in landscapes that imposed a grand geometric order upon the land. Cities, gardens and buildings all began to reflect the ideals of perfect proportion, order and geometry Water jokes were a common feature of Renaissance and baroque gardens. These periods of ostentatious materialism and display were a remarkable period for urban design as well. The Royal Table at Hellbrunn

17. FRANCE AND ITALY The gardens of the Villa Lante, Bagnaia, Italy View of the gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte, France The relationships between land, water, sky and geometry were all extremely studied, deliberate and used to create vast pleasure grounds

18. THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE the picturesque led to the creation of landscapes composed of exquisite views, rolling lawns, pools and groupings of trees that mirrored the landscape paintings being created at the time This revolutionary style was to have a global influence on landscape design, as the style for parks that is still predominant, and as the foundation for modern landscape architecture.

19. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The predominant architectural style throughout the century was MODERNISM emphasized purity of form and the importance of function, casting aside the frippery of ornament and attempting to build a new aesthetic that purported to be unencumbered by historical reference Thomas Church, Donnell Garden, California, 1948

20. Brasilia, Brazil, 1957–1961

21. POSTMODERNISM Postmodern design was strongly tied to currents of thought in literary theory, such as deconstructionism and structuralism. Charles Moore, Piazza d’Italia, 1978

22. LANDSCAPE DESIGN SITE AND CONTEXT

23. The landscape architect seeks to put everything in order, in context, so that all the various human and natural functions that are required of a landscape are accommodated.

24. SITE INVENTORY there is no such thing as a completely blank site where anything is possible, the first thing to do is to come to grips with the character and qualities of the place The inventory includes  history of a site – from the formation of the land, to its human inhabitation and use.  A list is made of the vegetation  Social and economic elements are examined  Geology, soils and the flow of water across a site are important.  Prevailing winds are noted,  exposure to sun is charted.  Finally, the designer’s first impressions and emotional, subjective response to the site must be carefully balanced with the facts.

25. Site analysis If a site is on a slope facing away from the sun and in temperate environments, it is likely to be inhospitable If a site is liable to flooding, it is highly inadvisable to build underground car parking. Analysis is often greatly aided by different drawing techniques. These allow the designer to compare and contrast the different elements of the site inventory.

26. Terrain analysis Topographical maps of Greek origin Topos (place) and graphics (lines formed figure) is formed from the word, used for lines shows created in the forms Physiography deals with the physical conditions of the surface of the land. The broad physiography of an area can be determined by the knowledge of the physiographic region in which it lies. The important aspects of physiography are elevation and slope. Slope, soils, geology, hydrology, microclimate, plants, and animals may be strongly related to elevation.

27. Slope analysis Slopes may be subdivided according to steepness and direction. Slope direction is referred to as aspect, or orientation Steepness may be important for such activities as agriculture or the construction of buildings while the direction of slopes is an important for siting housing for solar energy collection Lithology is “the soil and rock material that comprise a slope” or the physical characteristics of sedimentary materials

28. Aspect sunny aspects- the S, SE, SW, and W the shady aspects- N, NE, NW, E The shaded look still water evaporation from the soil temperature is less(the shady aspects, the same rainfall conditions, sunny look still have a more favorable water economy)

29. Climate analysis Climate is the set of meteorological conditions characteristic of an area over a given length of time It is defined as the study of extremes and long-term means of weather Macroclimate is affected by physical conditions such as mountains, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and latitude 3 types of climate  Macro, ( Long-term measurements, temperature, precipitation, air humidity and air movement and extreme values determined for the average for the region )  Meso( Shape of the face of the land, such as elevation and aspect Relief for small spaces )  Micro ( Climate characteristics of macro-states of different characteristics of land in the air near the surface )

30. Geology Geology is the study of the earth involves both what has happened in the past, or geological history, and what is happening on and in the earth today prepared by institutions bedrock of physical and chemical state of the soil, water retention properties of the mass due to the hydrogeological characteristics of sedimentary or igneous efficiency, earthquake status (seismicity), the main rock formations

31. Hydrological analysis Hydrological survey  surface drainage analysis  analysis of groundwater  surface water analysis  bottom water analysis Types of Utilization of Water Resources  Drinking water (surface + underground - wells)  Agricultural activities (surface + underground - wells)  Industrial activities  commercial activities  transportation  Recreation / tourism activities

32. Soils soils inventory elements: Soil series, permeability, texture, profiles, erosion potential, drainage potential, soil associations and catena's, cation and anion exchange, acidity–alkalinity landscape planner is one of the important ecological factors affecting the decision. Different climatic conditions, a wide range of rocks of different plant designs at different elevations formed land, water and air, one of the indispensable elements of life The landscape of Cappadocia in Turkey

33. Vegetation vegetation inventory elements; Plant associations and communities vegetative units species list species composition and distribution physiognomic profiles ecotone and edge profiles Rare,endangered and threatened species fire history

34. Fauna terrestrial and aquatic fauna wildlife inventory elements; Species list species-habitat matrix animal populations habitat value map habitat of rare, endangered, and threatened species

35. Analysis of socio-cultural resources cultural resources present in the area is important in the determination of planning decisions to be taken for these resources Planning was done by the people for the people by the people are the most important criterion in planning Investigation about Surveys, social situation, demographics, migration and urbanization, communication and transportation, education, health and nutritional status, settlement and housing status, issues such as public-state relations surveys, the economic situation, land ownership, party products, credit facilities, cooperatives, marketing and market relations, forms of business power, the income levels of the families

36. RECORDING THE SITE Photography(video and images) Sketches MAPPING THE SITE Mapping is a key element of both site inventory and the analysis and design process Mapping shows not only what exists, but also what possibilities exist.

37. Landscape planning Landscape planning methods can also be classified and understood according to their strategic orientation:  protective  Defensive  offensive  opportunistic

38. Planning methods can also be understood and classified according to their resource or goal orientation. The abiotic–biotic–cultural (ABC) model is useful to describe the specific goals addressed in planning and the level of integration between these goals.

39. In this model, ABIOTIC goals include water resources, soil and air quality. BIOTIC goals focus on biodiversity in general, including individual species and habitat protection and ecological restoration. CULTURAL goals are human-based and include: transportation, land use, recreation, historic preservation and economic goals

40. dynamic interrelationship of elements that sets the parameters for design Site investigation and analysis Client need, individuals need, community need, organizations needs and requirements and ones own judgment. PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT

41. CONCEPT TO DESIGN the process of testing and retesting means making use of a variety of materials and techniques for visualizing the site and its issues. In order to test a design solution, the designer must be able to imagine how the site would look and function after an intervention – ‘design move’ is the term commonly used for this. Drawing and modelling are the primary tools employed

42. VIEW The landscape architect must consider views from three different angles:  views from the site,  views within the site; and  views of the site