1. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas By Arnel G. Perez, MS

2. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Phillipines Isles) Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles) was a historical account which described the scenarios in the Philippines from 1493 to 1603 under the colonial rules of Spain. Dr. Antonio de Morga as the principal author of the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, published his work in 1609. This work, perhaps was the best account of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines and it was merely based partly on documentary research, partly on keen observation, and partly on Morga's personal involvement and knowledge.

3. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Phillipines Isles) The book was published in two volumes, both in 1609 by Casa de Geronymo Balli, in Mexico City 1609 (April 17) - Viceroy Luis de Velasco authorized the publication and granted Morga the sole right to publish it for ten years 1609 – Fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop of Mexico, approved the publication of the work

4. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  1493 to 1603 – Pre-Colonial Philippines to Colonialism  The first volume is consisting seven chapters, this deals with the discoveries, conquests, and other events... until the death of Don Pedro de Acuna.  The first 7 chapters underscore the accomplishments of the different governor-generals assigned in the Philippines  The last chapter (Chapter 8) contains a brief summary and account of the nature of these regions, their inhabitants, the manner of governing and converting them, and other details

5. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas As mentioned by Blair and Robertson (1907), Morga’s book is written in the true historic spirit, which has a special value. Its various threads of the history of the islands are followed systematically. This includes political, social, and economic phases of life. Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas vividly portrayed:  The natives and their conquerors;  The futility of the Spanish policy in making external expeditions;  The consequent neglect of internal affairs;  The great Chinese question;  The growth of trade;  Communication with Japan;  Missionary movements from the islands to surrounding countries;  The jealous and envious opposition of the Portuguese; and  The dangers of sea−voyages

6. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 1 ✞ The first chapter of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas describes the rich and precious islands found in the part of the world called Asia. ✞ Among the most famous of them are the islands of Maluco, Celeves, Tendaya, Luzon, Mindanao, and Borneo, which are now called the Filipinas. ✞ This chapter likewise describes the defeat of Fernando Magallanes and the successful pacification of Adelantado, Miguel de Legazpi from the islands of Sebu to the Luzones. ✞ This chapter also underscores how Fray Andres de Urdaneta (Order of St. Augustine) spreads Catholism in the islands of Sebu and Luzon

7. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 1 ✞ 1564 – Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Fray Andres de Urdaneta left Puerto de la Natividad going to the island of Luzones to Sebu ✞ Chief Tupas of Sebu attempts to resist Legazpi together with its troops ✞ Ciudad de Sanctisimo Nombre de Jesus, the first Spanish settlement was found in Sebu ✞ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi had named all the islands, Filipinas in honor of his Majesty, king Filipo II (Philip II)

8. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 1 ✞ 1571 (May 19) – Martin de Goiti pacified the islands of Luzon (Manila – Raja Mora and Tondo – Raja Matanda) ✞ 1574 – After 10 years of pacification and subjugation, Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi died and buried his body in the monastery of St. Augustine ✞ 1574 – Guido de Labazarris by the virtue of dispatch, he took the office and continued the conversion and pacification ✞ Limahong from China attacked Manila and killed Martin de Goiti ✞ Joan de Salzedo, captain from Vigan brought reinforcement in Manila

9. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 2 ✞ 1575 – Doctor Francisco de Sande appointed as governor and captain of the island of the Philippines ✞ The submission and pacification of the islands continued: province of Camarines (Capt. Pedro Chaves); and island of Jolo (Capt. Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa) ✞ The ship San Juanillo under the command of Capt. Juan de Ribera lost at the sea ✞ Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa replaced Doctor Sande as governor and captain-general of the island

10. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 3 ✞ 1580 – Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa, native of Arevalo and chief alguacil of the Audencia of Mexico appointed governor of the Filipinas for life. ✞ Don Fray Domingo de Salazar, of the Dominican order was appointed as the first bishop of the Filipinas and erected his cathedral in the city of Manila ✞ The first order in the Filipinas were established by Frs. Antonio Sedeno and Alonso Sanchez ✞ 1583 - Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa died due to his poor health and buried in the monastery of St. Augustine in Manila

11. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 3 ✞ 1583 – Diego Ronquilo kinsman of Don Gonzalo succeeded and assumed the governorship and continued the pacification in the islands ✞ 1583 – a fire broke out in the city of Manila which started at midday in the church of the convent of St. Augustine – great loss of goods and property, and some persons were in danger ✞ The city was rebuilt with great difficulty and labor, leaving the Spaniards very poor and needy ✞ The royal Audiencia in the city of Manila was ordered to established by Mariscal Gabriel de Ribera ✞ Doctor Sanctiago de Vera, alcalde of the Audencia of Mexico assigned president of the Audencia ✞ Don Antonio de Ribera went as third auditor

12. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 4 ✞ 1584 (May) – the president and auditors of the Audiencia arrived in the Filipinas, Diego Ronquillo as the governor ✞ The president of the Audiencia, Sactiago de Vera discovered the plan rebellion and insurrection among the native chiefs of Manila and Pampanga ✞ Fortress of Nuestra Senora de Guia (Baluarte de San Diego) was built within the city of Manila on the land side ✞ 1589 – Viceroy Don Luis de Velasco sailed in Nueva Espana ✞ 1590 (May) – Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, Corregidor of Leon/ Murcia was appointed governor and captain-general of the Filipinas and knight of the Order of Sanctiago

13. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 5 ✞ 1590 – Governor General Gomez Perez Dasmarinas’ administration underscore the following: submission of the Audiencia of Manila; establishing the paid garrison; walling of the city; building of cavalier; increase the the trade in China; pacification of Zambales and the province of the Pintados; and building artillery in Manila. ✞ The Manila wall and other fortifications, the building of galleys, the regulation of trade, various pacifications, the rebuilding of Manila, and the opening of negotiations with Japan, are all a part of his administration, and he is the inspirer of them all.

14. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 5 ✞ During his administration, the relations and peace existing between Japanese and the Spaniards of the Filipinas began to become strained ✞ Taicosama (lord of the Xapon) demanded submission and tribute, and threatened the government of Gomez Perez Dasmarinas ✞ 1593 – Governor General Gomez Perez Dasmarinas’ plans to pacify the province of the Pintados led to his tragic death. He was killed by the Chinese rowers who coveted their money, jewels, and other articles of value ✞ 1593 – Prior to the death of Gov. Gen. Dasmarinas, a great fleet led by his son Luis Perez Dasmarinas was send in the island of the Pintados ✞ 1593 –In the death of gov. gen. Perez, Pedro de Rojas, lieutenant-assessor was chosen governor ad interim for fourty days ✞ 1593 – Luis Perez Dasmarinas took the office by virtue of an appointment

15. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 5 ✞ 1595 – Antonio de Morga, as lieutenant to the governor filled the office of the lietenant-assesor ✞ 1595 – In the administration of Luis Perez Dasmarinas affairs begin actively with Camboja through the expedition dispatched under Juan Xuarez Gallinato, and Blas Ruiz de Hernan Gonzales, and Diego Belloso. ✞ 1595 – During the expedition, usurping Cambodian king, Anacapara was killed and thrown the country into confusion ✞ 1595 – In Cochinchina, Blas Ruiz and Belloso went to the kindom of Lao to find the legitimate king of Camboja, Prauncar but on their arrival they found that he has died. ✞ 1595 – Gallinato retrieved articles from the Chinese and returned them in Manila ✞ 1595 – Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa agrees to subdue Mindanao but upon reaching the island he was ambushed and killed

16. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 6 ✞ 1596 – Governor Francisco Tello appointed governor-general of the Filipinas and in his arrival Fray Ignacio de Santibanez was appointed archbishop. ✞ 1596 – Juan Ronquillo was sent to Mindanao (La Caldera) and he became victorious over the combined forces of Mindanaos and Ternatans. ✞ 1596 – On his return from Cochinchina, Gallinato was accused of not following up the victory at Camboja ✞ 1596 – The incipient rebellion in Cagayan was investigated (the plan murder of their leader by his own countrymen was persuaded by reward)

17. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 6 ✞ 1596 – Alvaro de Mendana de Neira’s expedition from Peru to rediscover Solomon Islands reached the Filipinas ✞ 1597 – San Geronymo dispatched to Nueva Espana compelled to stop over in the port of Japan because of the heavy storm. ✞ 1597 – The passengers of San Geronymo were allowed to return in Manila but six Franciscan missionaries; three Jesuits; and seventeen native helpers were crucified (Taicosama’s wrath - Toyotomi Hideyoshi ) ✞ 1597 – The religious wrote a letter of farewell to Dr. Morga and informing him about the intentions of Japan to attack Philippines.

18. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 6 ✞ 1597 – Luis Navarrete Fajardo was sent in Japan to demand satisfaction. Japanese residing in Manila were sent back in Japan. ✞ 1597 – through the instrumentality of Father Alonzo Ximenez, affairs in Camboja were again set on foot. ✞ 1597 – Juan Pacho with his twenty men were killed during the incursion in Jolo ✞ 1598 – The archbishop arrived and the Manila Audiencia was reestablished by the royal orders ✞ 1598 – Luiz Perez Dasmarinas secured permission to attempt an expedition to the mainland, to aid the king of Camboja, and to seize the kingdom of Champan (Champa) who caused a constant menace to all navigators throughout the region..

19. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas ✞ 1598 – El Pinal (an open port to Spaniard) were opened through the effort of Juan de Zamudio ✞ 1598 – Luiz Perez Dasmarinas sent Hernando de los Rios Coronel to negotiate in Canton, China. ✞ 1599 – Joloans and Mindanaos were encouraged by the final abandonment and dismantling of the fort at La Caldera, joined in self-defense by the peaceful natives of Mindanao, made incursion against Spaniards and natives in the Pinatados, in which they took immense booty and many captives ✞ 1600 – The alcade-mayor of Arevalo defeated the larger forces sent after the incursion against the Spaniards and the natives in Pintados CHAPTER 6

20. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 6 ✞ 1600 – Geromio de Jesus, Franciscan survivor from the crucifixion negotiated to Daifusama, successor of Taicosama. ✞ 1600 (October) – News reached Manila of the coming and depredation of Oliver van Noordt with his two vessels. ✞ 1600 – Vessels Santa Margarita and San Geronymo failed to reach Nueva Espana and were wrecked the latter near Cataduanes, and the former in the Ladrones rifled by the natives ✞ 1602 – under the command of Gallinato, the cargo of San felipe were taken to the city of Mindanao and Jolo and then he sent to Manila for instruction ✞ 1602 – From Camboja, Juan de Mendoza and Fray Juan Maldonado proceeded in Siam but their trading was unsatisfactory that led them to depart without notifying the Siamese king but on their way they were killed

21. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 7 ✞ 1602 to 1603 – This chapter dealt with the events during the period of Pedro de Acuna’s administration who arrived in Manila on May 1602 ✞ The new governor first concern himself with home affair and construct galleys ✞ His administration underscored the dispatch of vessels to Nueva Espana, to open commerce with Quanto, sending workmen in Japan, and sending religious groups in Japan. ✞ 1602 – Acuna’s visit to the Pintados was postponed due to the raiding expedition of the Moros from Luzon to Mindoro. ✞ 1603 – Acuna’s plan expedition to Maluco, rather sent Gallinato to aid the Portuguese ✞ 1603 – Manila for the second time was burned, the disastrous fire caused a loss of over one million pesos

22. Chapter Summary : Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER 7 ✞ 1603 – The victorious Malays in Camboja were finally driven out by the combination of patriotic mandarins. ✞ Relations between Camboja and Philippines were again established by sending there a number of religious ✞ 1603 (May) – Gallinato returned in Manila, his aid rendered to Furtado de Mendoza was not sufficient to subdue the Ternatans.

23. About the Author: Dr. Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay 1559 (November 29) – Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay was born in Seville, Spain 1574 – He graduated from the University of Salamanca 1578 – He received his doctorate degree in cannon law 1580 – He joined the government service as lawyer 1582 – He served as mayor of Baracaldo in Vizcaya, Spain (married to Juana de Briviesca de Munotones) 1593 (August) – He was notified as Lieutenant to Governor-General of the Philippines

24. Dr. Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay 1594 (February) – He sailed from Cadiz, Spain going to Mexico 1595 (March 22) – He departed Acapulco going to Manila 1595 (June 11) – He arrived in Manila and acquired the second-most powerful position in the colony as Lieutenant to the Governor-General 1595 – He first served under the Governor-General Luiz Perez Dasmarinas, who was interim after his father’s death 1598 – He resigned as lieutenant governor and assumed the office of the oidor or judge in the Audiencia (Audencia de Manila)

25. Dr. Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay During his period, Morga supported the galleon trade between Spain and China (China to Manila) 1600 (December 14) - He was put in charge of the Spanish fleet against the Dutch invasion under Oliver van Noort In the encounter, the Dutch sailed away but the Spaniards lost decisively and they found Morga hiding and crying in his flagship before it sank 1603 (July 10) - Morga was reassigned in Mexico

26. Dr. Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay Dr. Antonio de Morga became alcalde of criminal causes in the Royal Audiencia of Mexico City. He likewise served as advisor to the viceroy on military matters and counsel for the Holy Office of the Inquisition 1594 to 1604 – He served for 43 years as Spanish lawyer and high-ranking colonial official in the Philippines and he was a president of the Audiencia for 20 years 1609 – He published his book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

27. Dr. Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay 1615 – He was named president of the Audencia of Quito, within the Viceroyalty of Peru. 1615 (September 30) – He assumed his office in Quito and during his administration, the textile industry advanced and founded the University of San Gregorio Magno. His administration was likewise coincide with the confrontation between the civil and ecclesiastic powers as well as the dispute between the Creole and Peninsular monks for the control of the religious orders

28. Dr. Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay However, he was involved in some questionable activities like extensive gamble and having affairs with women, his accomplishment were remarkable such as bureaucratic reform, liturgy, and improvement of the treatment of the native peoples. 1625 – Morga was investigated for corruption and arrested 1625 (September 18) – He was cleared for his charges and his offices were restored to him. 1636 – He died at age of 77

29. New Editions and Translations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) EditionReprint/ Translation Editor or Translator TitlePublisherNotes 1868Henry Stanley The Philippine Islands London: Hakluyt Society1 st English translation with annotations 1963 The Philippine Islands New York: B. FranklinOffset reprint 1890Jose Rizal Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Paris: Garnier1 st Spanish edition with annotation 1958 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Quezon City: R. MartinezOffset reprint 1961 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Manila: Comision Nacional del Centenario de Jose Rizal Offset reprint 1962Encarnacion Alzona Historical Events of the Philippine Islands Manila: Jose Rizal National Centennial Commision 3 rd English translation, including most of Rizal’s annotation

30. New Editions and Translations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) EditionReprint/ Translation Editor or Translator TitlePublisherNotes 1964Anonymous Mga Pangyayari sa Sangkapuluang Pilipinas Maynila: Pambansang Komisyon ng mga Bayani Tagalog translation including most of Rizal’s annotations 1904Emma Helen Blair/ James Alexander Robertson Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, in The Philippine Islands, 1493- 1803, vols. 15-16 Cleveland: OH: A.H. Clark2 nd English translation with annotations 1907 History of the Philippine Islands, 2 volumes Cleveland: OH: A.H. ClarkRetitled offset reprint of 1904 English translation 1970 History of the Philippine Islands, 2 volumes in 1 New York: Kraus Reprint Co. Offset reprint of 1907 reprint 1909Wenceslao Retana Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Madrid: V. Suarez2 nd Spanish edition with annotations

31. New Editions and Translations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) EditionReprint/ Translation Editor or Translator TitlePublisherNotes 1966Keizo Kanki/ Kenji yanai Firipin Shotoshi Tokyo: Iwanami ShotenJapanese translation with annotations 1971J.S. Cummins Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Cambridge: Hakyut Society 4 th English translation with annotation 1997Patricio Nuchera Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo 3 rd Spanish edition with annotations 2007Francisca Perujo Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica 4 th Spanish edition with annotations

32. Other Scholarly Papers of Rizal’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609)  Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1998). Rizal’s Morga and Views of Philippine History. Philippine Studies 46(184-214). Retrieved from www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/6 62/663  Totanes, Vernon D. (2012). History of the Filipino History Book (Doctoral Disertation). University of Toronto.  Clemente, Tina S. (2011). Rizal’s Morga and insights into pre- Hispanic institutions and trade. The Philippine Review of Economics 48(117-150). Retrived from http://search.proquest.com/docview/

33. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas 1888 (August 18) - After two hundred seventy nine (279) years Jose Rizal began to copy by hand the entire first edition of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. 1888 (December 11) - Rizal went in Madrid and Barcelona to search the historical materials in Bibliotheque Nationale (National Library). 1889 (By the end of September) - He brought the manuscript in Paris for printing and sent letter to Ferdinand Blumetritt requesting him to write an introduction

34. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas In January 1890, Rizal published his annotation; “Sucesos de las Filipinas por el Doctor Antonio de Morga. Obra publicada en mejico en el atlo de 1609, nummente sacada a luz y anotada por Jose Rizal, y precedida de un prologo del prof. Fernando Blumentn'tt (Events in the Philippine Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga. A work published in Mexico in the year 1609, reprinted and annotated by Jose Rizal and preceded by an introduction by professor Ferdinand Blumentritt)” (Ocampo, 1998).

35. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas In the study conducted by Tina S. Clemente (2011), she classified Rizal’s annotations of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas into four categories such as:  The Notion of Confederation of Chiefs and the Complexity of Polities;  The Character of Precolonial Law and Enforcement;  The Engagement of Pre-Hispanic Polities in International Trade; and  The Role of Indigenous Produced Goods in the Dynamics of Chiefly Ruleship and Foreign Trade.

36. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  Similarly, in the conclusion of the study, Clemente (2011) generated three major themes:  First, Rizal emphasized certain aspects of precolonial culture that were methodologically important even by current standards.  Second, the significance of the aspects he noted has only grown in the light of what is now being elucidated in contemporary scholarship from various fields of study (e.g., institutional economics, anthropology, and archaeology).  Third, the knowledge and appreciation by today’s public toward Philippine precolonial history is inadequate and often faulty based on Rizal’s standard especially in relation to what he thought it signified for national identity”.

37. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas In the review conducted by Arnel G. Perez (2017), he generated the following themes in Rizal’s annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Chapter 8 [Rizal (1962)] :  The Oriental Islands: Philippines;  Topography and Seasons of the Oriental Islands;  The Oriental People;  Abundances of Natural Resources;  Customs and Other Practices of the Oriental People; and  Variation of Languages and Dialects among the Oriental People.

38. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas The Oriental Islands: Philippines  The Oriental Islands as described by Morga are found from the West to the East when navigated from the India of Portugal. These islands of the Philippines (Oriental Islands) are all extensive and principal. Luzon, Mindoro, Tendaya, Capul, Burias, Masbate, Marinduque, Leyte, Samar, Ibabao, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Cranduanes, Calamianes, and Mindanao are the known islands.  However, as annotated by Rizal the Island Tendaya is difficult to determine because the island is either referring to the chief called Tandaya or to the southeastern part of Samar called Ibabao or Zibabao (Rizal, 1962:241).

39. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Topography and Seasons of the Oriental Islands  As described by Morga, the temperature on these islands change from various regions and provinces. From the month of June up to September heavy downpour of rains, whirl-winds, and storms are experienced. From the month of October up to the end of May, the skies are clear and the sea is smooth. But in some provinces, winter or cold season and heavy rains begin earlier than in others.  In the annotation of Rizal, he corrected Morga for considering rainy seasons as winter and the rest of the year belongs to summer season. He also added that Manila by months of December, January, and February the thermometer goes down more than in the months of August and September (Rizal, 1962:242)

40. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas The Oriental People  As observed by Morga, the people who inhabit the large island of Luzon in the province of Camarines with the neighboring provinces around Manila are the natives of the islands who are middle-sized and similar in color like the quince fruit. Both men and women have good features, very black hair, scarce beard, quite ingenious and resolute, keen, and quick-tempered.  In the province of Cagayan, the natives have the same complexion but they are more physically able, brave, and warlike than the others. They have long hairs and hand down with their shoulder. The natives of Luzon before the advent of the Spaniards wear clothes made of cangan fabric without collar, bahaque (bahag) with their waste, and potong tightly over the forehead.

41. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  The natives of the southern part, islands of Visaya are known them as the tattooed people. They are good-looking, good disposition, living in the better conditions, and having nobler manners than those in the islands of Luzon and surrounding one. Natives from this place wear large earrings of gold and ivory, and bracelet. The Oriental People

42. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  In the annotation of Rizal, he corrected Morga describing that men and women go out without any outer garments and barefooted. He clarified that natives in all places are circumspect and careful in covering their bodies with extreme modesty and bashfulness (Rizal, 1962:269). The Oriental People

43. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  Men and women particularly the prominent people are very clean and neat in their person. They dye their hair and they use gogo as their shampoo. They bathe their entire bodies in the river or stream. Rizal clarified the use of gogo, he rather mentioned that the bark of shrub is crushed and not cooked. Similar, he mentioned about bathing of some women during menstruation and bathing after the funeral (Rizal, 1962:246). The Oriental People

44. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  Moreover, as regard with their roles, the women weave blankets and spin cottons. They pound the rice which is to be cooked for their meals and prepare the rest of the food. They do the house chores and they also help in livestock raising like chickens and pigs. However, the men-folk engage in the work of the fields, fishing, boating, and farming. The Oriental People

45. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Abundances of Natural Resources  During the pre-conquest time, there is abundance of natural resources. There are variety of fruit bearing trees and different species of fishes. Livestock like cows, pigs, and chickens are also abundant in the provinces. As quoted by Rizal, there was such abundance of cattle that Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin says, speaking about Dumangas. This convent has an extensive farm for cattle, of so many cows that there was a time when they were over 30,000. This farm also has many and very fine horses (Rizal, 1962:252).

46. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Variation of Languages and Dialects among the Oriental People  As described by Morga, the language spoken in Luzon and adjoining islands is very different from that spoken in the Visayas. Cagayan have their own dialect likewise with the Ilocanos, Zambalenos, Pampanga, Manila, and other provinces. Throughout the islands, writing is well developed and writing was done on bamboo pieces or on paper. As stated by Rizal, the horizontal direction was adopted after the coming Spaniards (Rizal, 1962:273).

47. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Customs and Other Practices of the Oriental People  Prominent in the observation of Morga is about the custom on marriage. Marriage among the natives are generally between the principals and their fellow principals or nobles. The practice of dowry is also observed during that time. This observation was supported by Rizal: “This custom continued the union between the parents and the children, a wiser practice that which is followed in many parts of Europe where cases are found of children neglecting their parents once they have taken possession of their patrimony, or of parents who do not consent to the marriage of their children in order not to part with their property” (Rizal, 1962:282)

48. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas  This dowry, if can be called thus, represented a compensation for the parents of the bride for the care and education of their daughter (Rizal, 1962:283).  Bigay-kaya (dowry) means to give what one can, a voluntary offering, a gift of good-will. This confirms further that in the case of marriage there was no sale, unlike in the already known alms for scapulars, rosaries, belt, etc. (Rizal, 1962:284) Customs and Other Practices of the Oriental People

49. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Conclusion  Rizal’s annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas affirmed and clarified the entire works of Dr. Antonio de Morga. In his annotation, Rizal asserted his personal observation and experiences which he failed to avoid his personal sentiments against the Spanish government and Friar officials.  As Ferndinand Blumenttrit commented, Rizal committed the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in the light of present standards, and Rizal made a bad impression about Catholicism (cruel method and abuses of the priest)

51. Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas References: Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander (1907). Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, in The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, vols. 15-16. Cleveland Ohio, Arthur.H. Clark Company Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1998). Rizal’s Morga and Views of Philippine History. Philippine Studies 46(184- 214). Retrieved from www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/662/663 Clemente, Tina S. (2011). Rizal’s Morga and insights into pre-Hispanic institutions and trade. The Philippine Review of Economics 48(117-150). Retrived from http://search.proquest.com/docview/ Rizal, J. (1962) Historical events of the Philippines Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga, published in Mexico in 1609, recently brought to light and annotated by Jose Rizal, preceded by a prologue by Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. Manila: Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission.